Physiology Ch 5 Cell Respiration + Metabolism

Front 1

Glycolysis

Back 1

Refers to the conversion of glucose to two molecules of pyruvic acid, causing 2 molecules of ATP to be used and 4 to be formed. Does not require oxygen.

Front 2

Anaerobic Metabolic Facts

Back 2

Reduced NAD is oxidized by pyruvic acid, which accepts 2 hydrogen atoms, reducing it to lactic acid. Skeletal muscles produce lactic acid during exercise, heart muscle experiences lactic acid fermentation quickly. Lactic acid is converted to glucose by liver in gluconeogenesis.

Front 3

Aerobic Respiration

Back 3

Pyruvic acid is formed by glycolysis and then converted to acetyl coenzyme A, starting Krebs Cycle

Front 4

Krebs Cycle

Back 4

Also called citric acid cycle. This metabolic pathway gives off CO2 and ultimately is converted to oxaloacetic acid, which combines with Acetyl CoA which restarts the cycle.

Front 5

ETC

Back 5

Electron Transport Chain: molecules of the inner mitochondrial membrane (FMN)(derived from vitamin riboflavin and coenzyme Q, oxidize NADH and FADH. This is exergonic and ultimately produces ATP.

Front 6

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Back 6

The production of ATP through ETC

Front 7

Glycogenesis

Back 7

The production of glycogen, mostly in the skeletal muscles and in the liver.

Front 8

Glycogenolysis

Back 8

Hydrolysis (or breakdown) of glycogen, yielding free glucose that can be secreted into the blood.

Front 9

Gluconeogenesis

Back 9

The production of glucose from noncarbohydrate molecules, including lactic acid and amino acids. Takes place usually in the liver.

Front 10

Lipogenesis

Back 10

The formation of triglycerides, primarily in adipose tissue. (Obese individuals have excessive adipose tissue)

Front 11

Lypolysis

Back 11

Hydrolysis (breakdown) of triglycerides (Fat) (in adipose tissue)

Front 12

Ketogenesis

Back 12

The formation of ketone bodies from fatty acids (occurs in liver)

Front 13

ATP Synthase

Back 13

An enzyme that catalyzes the reaction ADP + P to ATP.

Front 14

Different Ways ATP Is Produced and Quantity

Back 14

(See Table 5.2, pg 117) Glucose to Pyuvate (2); Oxidative Phosphorylation (3); Pyruvate to acetyl CoA (0); Per NADH, 2.5 (5); Krebs Cycle (2); 2nd Round Phosphorylation which produces 3NADH and 1FADH2 (15 + 3): GRAND TOTAL = 30

Front 15

Role of Acetyl Coenzyme A

Back 15

Transports acetic acid from one enzyme to another

Front 16

Lipid (Fat) Metabolism

Back 16

Converted from glucose: pyruvic acid is converted into A CoA. The acetic acid subunits of A CoA can be formed into cholesterol, ketone bodies, and fatty acids. (Lipogenesis)

Front 17

How Fat Breaks Down (Lipolysis)

Back 17

Lipase enzymes hydrolyze triglycerides into glycerol and free fatty acids. The free fatty acid molecules can then serve as blood-borne energy carriers that can be used by the liver, skeletal muscles, and other organs for aerobic respiration.

Front 18

Amino Acid Genesis

Back 18

Derived from hydrolysis of proteins

Front 19

Transamination

Back 19

The process that produces a particular amino acid and a particular keto acid.

Front 20

Oxidative Deamination

Back 20

Amino acids are converted in keto acids as their amino group is incorporated into urea.

Front 21

What provides the major source of energy for the brain?

Back 21

Glucose (Table 5.4, pg 123)

Front 22

Catabolism

Back 22

Breaks down molecules and releases energy

Front 23

Anabolism

Back 23

Makes larger molecules and requires energy

Front 24

Cellular Respiration

Back 24

The metabolic pathway that produces ATP (ETC)

Front 25

Cori Cycle

Back 25

Also called glyconeogenesis. Some skeletal muscle lactic acid goes to the liver where is is converted back to glucose and glycogen.

Front 26

Theoretical vs. Actual ATP Yields

Back 26

Theoretical yield is 38 ATP produced from a molecule of glucose. Actual yield is less because of the costs of transporting the ATP out of the mitochondria.

Front 27

Ketone Bodies

Back 27

Produced by A CoA taking an alternate pathway when the liver cells have sufficient ATP. High incidence of Ketone Bodies in blood and urine signifies, starvation, fasting, or an uncontrolled diabetic state.

Front 28

Protein (Amino Acids) in Krebs Cycle

Back 28

Different amino acids can enter the Krebs cycle at different stages, to be catabolized for energy.