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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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expiration of the diaphragm relaxes what?
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the elastic recoil
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expiration of the diaphragm relaxes what?
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the elastic recoil
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What muscles raise the rib
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external intercostals, sternocleidomastoid, anterior serrati, scaleni
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muscles that pull the ribs down
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abdominal recti and internal intercostals
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continual suction between visceral surface of the lung pleura and what creates a suction
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the parietal pleural surface of the thoracic cavity
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pressure bewteen lung pleura and chest wall pleura
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pleural pressure and is -5 at beginning of inspiration then during inspiration it is -7.5
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what does alveolar pressure fall to to create inspiration
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-1 from 0
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the difference between the alveolar pressure adn the pleural pressure
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the transpulmonary pressure
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the extent to which lungs expand for each unit increase in transpulmonary pressure
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lung compliance
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elastic forces of the lungs have two parts
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elastic forces of the lung tissue and elastic forces caused by surface tension of the fluid that lines inside walls of the alveoli
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elastic forces of the lung tissue determined by?
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elastin and collagen
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how much does the fluid air surface tension forces represent the total lung elasticity
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about two thirds
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fluid-air surface tension elastic forces increase when what is not present
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surfactant
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elastic contractile force of the entire lungs
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the surface tension elastic force
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what is surfactant active in?
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water which means it reduces surface tension
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what is surfactant secreted by?
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type II alveolar epithelial cells
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most important components of surfactant
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phospholipid dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine surfactant apoproteins and calcium ions
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if air passages leading from alveoli of lungs are blocked, surface tension tends to collapse alveoli. this creates what type of pressure in the alveoli?
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positive pressure calculated by twice the surface tension divided by the radius of alveolus
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what is respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn
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when they have little or no surfactant in the alveoli and the alveoli collapse
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work of inspiration has three fractions. what are they?
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compliance or elastic work to expand lungs against chest and lung elastic forces, tissue resistnace work to overcome the viscosity of the lung and chest wall structures, and airway resistance work to overcome airway resistance to movement of air into the lungs
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recording volume movement of air into and out of lungs
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spirometry
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volume inspired or expired with normal breath and is 500 ml
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tidal volume
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extra volume of air over the normal tidal volume when inspiring with full force
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inspiratory reserve volume
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extra volume expired
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expiratory reserve volume
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what is left after the most forceful expiration
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residual volume
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tidal volume plus inspiratory reserve
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inspiratory capacity
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expiratory reserve plus residual volume that remains after normal expiration
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functional residual capacity
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inspiratory reserve plus tidal volume plus expiratory reserve
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vital capacity
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vital capacity plus residual volume
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total lung capacity
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what volume chagnes in some pulmonary diseases?
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functional residual capacity
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what cant be measured by spirometer?
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functional residual capacity and residual volume
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minute respiratory volume
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the air moved into the respiratory passage each minute. tidal volume times respiratory rate per minute
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normal volume of dead space air
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150 milliliters
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anatomic dead space
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some of the alveoli that are nonfunctional
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volume of alveolar ventilation per minute is calculated how?
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tidal volume minus physiologic dead space times frequency
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walls of the bronchioles are mostly what?
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smooth muscle except termianl bronchiole, the respiratory bronchiole which is mainly pulmonary epithelium and underlying fibrous tissue
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where does the greatest amount of resistance to airflow occur?
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the larger bronchioles and bronchi
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what occludes smaller bronchioles in diseases?
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muscle contraction, edema, mucus collecting in the lumens
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effect of epinephrine on lungs
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stimulates beta adrenergic receptors which cause dilation of the bronchial tree
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what do parasympathetic nerves secrete?
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acetylcholine which constricts bronchioles
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what is released by mast cells during allergic reactions
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histamine and slow reactive substance of anaphylaxis
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what is mucous secreted by?
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goblet cells
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What nerve is used in the cough reflex
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the vagus nerve
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how is a sneeze started?
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irritation in teh nasal passageways and an impulse pass in the fifh cranial nerve to the medulla
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what are the functions of nasal cavities
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air is warmed, humidified, and filtered. this is called the air conditioning function
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how do you remove particles in the nose
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through turbulent precipitation where teh air hits conchae
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gravitational precipitation is what?
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settling of particles that are small in the smaller bronchioles. the smallest ones diffuse against the wall of the alveoli and adhere to the alveolar fluid
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alveolar macrophages
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remove particles trapped in the alveoli
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phonation and articulation
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mechnical functions of speech by larynx and structures of the mouth
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how do you stretch the vocal cords?
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with forward rotation of thyroid cartilae or posterior rotation of arytenoid cartilage
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what do thyroarytenoid muscles do?
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loosen the vocal cords
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resonators include
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mouth, nose, associated nasal sinuses, pharynx, and chest cavity
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