Physiology Ch. 3: The Cellular Level Of Organization

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atrophy

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a decrease in the size of cells with subsequent decrease in size of the affected tissue or organ; wasting away

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biopsy

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the removal and microscopic examination of tissue from the living body for diagnosis

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dysplasia

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alteration in the size, shape and organization of cells due to chronic irritation or inflammation; may progress to a neoplasm or revert to normal if the stress is removed

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hyperplasia

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increase in the number of cells of a tissue due to increased rate of cell division

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hypertrophy

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increase in the size of cells without cell division

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metaplasia

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the transformation of one type of cell into another

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neoplasm

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any abnormal formation or growth, usually a malignant tumor

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human T-cell leukemia-lymphonia virus-1 (HTLV-1)

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associated with leukemia, a malignant disease of bloodforming tissues, and lymphoma, a cancer of lymphatic tissue

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human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

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associated with Kaposi's sarcoma, a cancer of the inner lining of some blood vessels that is often seen in those who have acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)

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Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)

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causes infectious mononucleosis, associated with Burkitt's lymphoma, a cancer of white blood cells, nasopharyngeal carcinoma (common in chinese males), and Hodgkin's disease, a lymphatic system cancer

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hepatitis B virus (HBV)

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associated with liver cancer

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human papillomavirus (HPV)

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causes genital warts (benign growths), associated with cancer of the cervix, vagina, penis and colon

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type 2 herpes simplex virus

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causes genital herpes, implicated in cancer of the cervix fo the uterus

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carcinomas

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malignant tumors that are formed by epithelial cells

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melanomas

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cancerous growths of malanocytes, skin cells that produce the pigment melanin

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sarcoma

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any cancer arising from muscle cells or connective tissues

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osteogenic sarcomas

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most frequent type of childhood cancer, destroys normal bone tissue

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leukemia

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a cancer of bloodforming organs characterized by rapid growth and distorted development of leukocytes

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lymphoma

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a malignant disease of lymphatic tissue, for example, lymph nodes

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What are the four factors that relate to the selective permeability of the plasma membrane?

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1. lipid solubility
2. size of particular substance
3. electrical charge
4. presence of channels and transporters

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plasma (cell) membrane

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the thin barrier that separates the internal components of a cell from extracellular materials; the gatekeeper that regulates passages of substances into and out of the cell

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fluid mosaic model

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according to this model, the membrane is a mosaic of proteins floating like icebergs in a sea of lipids

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passive processes

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mechanisms that move substances across a membrane without using energy; depend on concentration of substances and their kinetic energy

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simple diffusion

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net movement of molecules or ions from an area of higer concentration to low concentration until an equalibrium is reached; governs the absorption of some nutrients and excretion of wastes by body cells; important in the movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide

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osmosis

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the movement of water through a selectively permeable movement from an area of higher water concentration to low concentration

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osmosis pressure

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an important force in the movement of water

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What happens to red blood cells in an isotonic solution?

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maintain their normal shape

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What happens to red blood cells in a hypotonic solution?

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undergo hemolysis (rupture)

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What happens to red blood cells in a hypertonic solution?

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undergo crenation (shrink)

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filtration

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the movement of water and dissolved substances across a membrane due to gravity or hydrostatic pressure

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facilitated diffusion

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molecules such as glucose move through the membrane with the help of a transporter

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active processes

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depend on the use of ATP (energy) by the cell; two principal types are active transport and bulk transport

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active transport

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the movement of ions across a cell membrane from lower to higher concentration using energy derived from ATP directly (primary active transport) or indirectly (secondary active transport)

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sodium pump

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the most prevalent active transport pump

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digitalis

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a drug given to strengthen the heart beat, slow sodium pump and calcium to accumlate the heart

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What are the two types of secondary active transport?

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symport (substances move in the same direction) and antiport (substances move in opposite directions)

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phagocytosis

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"cell eating"; movement of solid particles through the plasma membrane. Pseudopods extend across the substance, engulf it, and bring it into the cell, forming a phagocytic vesicle

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pinocytosis

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"cell drinking"; movement of extracellular fluid droplets into cell by infolding of plasma membrane

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receptor-mediated endocytosis

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a highly selective process in which cells can take up specific molecules or particles