Physiology Ch 2 Chemical Composition Of Body

Front 1

Covalent Bond

Back 1

Formed by atoms that share electrons; strongest type of chemical bond

Front 2

Nonpolar Covalent Bond

Back 2

Electrons are equally shared

Front 3

Polar Covalent Bond

Back 3

Electrons are UNequally shared.

Front 4

Describe an Atom

Back 4

Smallest unit of chemical elements; has nucleus of Proton(s) (positive charge) and Neutron(s) (no charge). Outside the nucleus are negatively charged electrons

Front 5

Mass Number

Back 5

The sum of protons and neutrons in an atom

Front 6

Atomic Number

Back 6

The number of protons in an atom

Front 7

Isotope

Back 7

An atom that has the normal number of protons, but has a different number of neutrons. Atomic number is same, mass number has changed.

Front 8

Ionic Bond

Back 8

When one or more valence electrons are completely transferred to a second atom

Front 9

Electron Shells

Back 9

The space around an atom where electrons "orbit." The first shell can hold 2 electrons. The other shells can hold as many as 8.

Front 10

Valence Electrons

Back 10

The outermost electrons of the atom

Front 11

Ion

Back 11

Atoms or molecules that have a negative or positive charge. (Atoms are normally neutral)

Front 12

Hydrogen Bond

Back 12

When hydrogen bonds with oxygen or nitrogen, it gains a slight positive charge. This gives the hydrogen atom a weak attraction that is called a hydrogen bond.

Front 13

Acid

Back 13

A molecule that can release protons (H+) into a solution. Acid has a pH of less than 7.

Front 14

Base

Back 14

A molecule that can combine with H+ . So, a base removes H+ from a solution. Base has a pH of greater than 7.

Front 15

pH

Back 15

The concentration of H+ in a solution.

Front 16

Buffer

Back 16

A system of molecules and ions that act to prevent changes in H+ concentration in fluids

Front 17

Blood pH

Back 17

7.40 +/- 0.05

Front 18

Organic Molecules

Back 18

Molecules that contain carbon and hydrogen atoms

Front 19

Ketone

Back 19

has a carbonyl group within the carbon chain

Front 20

Alcohol

Back 20

has an hydroxyl group within a hydrocarbon chain

Front 21

Examples of Organic Acids

Back 21

Acetic, Citric, Lactic
Have a carboxyl group

Front 22

Sterioisomers

Back 22

Two molecules that have exactly the same atoms arranged in exactly sequence, but differ in the spatial orientation of a key functional group

Front 23

Monosaccharides

Back 23

A simple sugar that has molecules linked together. i.e. glucose, galactose, fructose (same ratio of atoms arranged in slightly different ways)

Front 24

Disaccharides

Back 24

Two monosaccharides that are bonded together covalently. i.e. table sugar (sucrose), milk sugar (lactose)

Front 25

Polysaccharides

Back 25

long chains of repeating subunits of glucose

Front 26

Phospholipids

Back 26

A group of lipids (fats) that include a phosphate (hydrophilic polar group.) ex. lecithin

Front 27

Micelles

Back 27

where the parts of molecule groups are organized so that the parts that like water are oriented toward the water and the parts that are hydrophobic are oriented in the other direction.

Front 28

Steroids

Back 28

Lipids that are nonpolar and insoluble. Have 6 carbon rings joined to a 5 carbon ring

Front 29

Prostaglandins

Back 29

A family of cyclic fatty acids that serve a variety of regulatory functions.

Front 30

Proteins

Back 30

Long chains of amino acids bound together by covalent peptide bonds

Front 31

A Neutral Solution

Back 31

Where the concentration of H+ is equal to the concentration of OH-

Front 32

3 Components of an Amino Acid

Back 32

amino group, carboxyl group, and a functional group

Front 33

Polypeptide Chain

Back 33

Twisted into a helix (2nd form) and bent and folded (3rd form) so that it can be used

Front 34

Quaternary Structure

Back 34

Proteins that are composed of two or more polypeptide chains

Front 35

Protein Fact

Back 35

Proteins serve a wider variety of specific functions than any other type of molecule

Front 36

DNA

Back 36

Composed of four nucleotides; each contains the sugar deoxyribose. Two polypeptide chains joined together by hydrogen bonds that can only be formed by the bases Adenine and Thymine; and Guanine and Cytosine

Front 37

DNA Base Purines

Back 37

Adenine, Guanine

Front 38

DNA Base Pyrimidines

Back 38

Cytosine Thymine

Front 39

RNA

Back 39

Consists of four nucleotides that each contain the sugar ribose. The bases are Adenine and Uracil (in place of Thymine) and Guanine and Cytosine. RNA is only a single polypeptide chain.

Front 40

Dehydration Synthesis

Back 40

Process in formation of disaccharides; remove water molecules

Front 41

Hydrolisis

Back 41

Process in Digestion of Polysaccharides; adds water molecules, changing Poly to Di and then to Mono

Front 42

OH

Back 42

Hydroxyl

Front 43

COOH

Back 43

Carboxyl

Front 44

Ketoacidosis

Back 44

When ketone bodies in blood lower pH

Front 45

Peptide Bond

Back 45

Holds amino acids together

Front 46

Protein (Primary Structure)

Back 46

The sequence of its amino acids

Front 47

Protein (Secondary Structure)

Back 47

Caused by weak H bonding; results in either an alpha helix or beta pleated sheet

Front 48

Protein (Tertiary Structure)

Back 48

Caused by bending and folding of polypeptide chains to a 3D shape, can be denatured by heat or change in pH

Front 49

Protein (Quaternary Structure)

Back 49

When a number of polypeptide chains are covalently joined. ex. Hemoglobin

Front 50

Glycoproteins

Back 50

Contain carbohydrates

Front 51

Lipoproteins

Back 51

Contain lipids