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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the five functions of the cardiovascular system?
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To transport materials to and from cells:
-oxygen and carbon dioxide -nutrients -hormones -immune system components -waste products |
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What type of tissue is blood?
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connective tissue
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What are the five functions of blood?
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-Transport of dissolved substances
-Regulation of pH and ions -Restriction of fluid losses at injury sites -Defense against toxins and pathogens -Stabilization of body temperature |
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What does fractionation do?
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Seperates blood into:
Plasma (fluid + proteins) Formed elements (cells and solids) |
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Whare are the three types of formed elements within the blood?
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Erythrocytes
Leukocytes Platelets (cell fragments) |
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What is the majority of plasma?
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water(90%)
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What does plasma contain?
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-Water
-Dissolved proteins -Other solutes Similar to interstitial fluid & can exchange with IF Matrix for other formed elements |
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What types of materials are exchanged between plasma and IF?
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-Water
-Ions -Small solutes |
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What is the main difference between Plasma and IF?
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Proteins do not pass the endothelial wall of vessels and IF contains none of the proteins
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What are the three classes of plasma proteins?
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Albumin - Transport (Fatty acids, thyroid/hormone transport)
Glubulin - Antibodies/Immunoglobins, Transport globulines Fibrinogen - Form clots, form long insoluble strands of fibrin |
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What is serum?
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Liquid part of blood once fibrin has "fallen out"
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Where are a majority of the plasma proteins made?
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liver(90%)
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Where are antibodies made?
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plasma cells (not the same plasma as blood)
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What is the approximate percentage of total body weight due to blood?
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7%
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What is the majority of formed elements within blood?
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Erythrocytes (99%)
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What is a hematocrit?
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Reports percentage of RBCs in whole blood
Normal: Male 40-52% Female 36-47% |
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What is the important of RBCs shape and size?
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High surface-to-volume ratio:
quickly absorbs and releases oxygen Discs form stacks: smoothes flow through narrow blood vessels Discs bend and flex entering small capillaries: 7.8 µm RBC passes through 4 µm capillary |
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What are the basics of erythrocytes?
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Lack nuclei, mitochondria, and ribosomes
Live about 120 days Contain hemoglobin for oxygen and CO2 transport |
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What transports respiratory gases in blood?
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hemoglobin
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What is special about fetal hemoglobin?
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Has VERY strong affinity for oxygen and is able to steal oxygen from mothers blood via placenta
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What is anemia?
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Mematocrit or hemoglobin levels are below normal
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What is Hemoglobinuria?
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hemoglobin breakdown products in urine due to excess hemolysis in blood stream
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What is Hematuria?
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whole red blood cells in urine due to kidney or tissue damage
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What is hemopoiesis?
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Process of producing formed elements of blood by:
Myeloid stem cells Lymphoid stem cells |
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What are hemocytoblasts?
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Stem cells in bone marrow divide to form:
myeloid stem cells: (become RBCs, some WBCs) lymphoid stem cells: (become lymphocytes) |
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What is Erythropoiesis?
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-Red blood cell formation
-Occurs only in red bone marrow (myeloid tissue) -Stem cells mature to become RBCs |
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What does building a red blood cell require?
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amino acids
iron vitamins B12, B6, and folic acid Low RBC production due to unavailability of vitamin B12 is pernicious anemia |
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What stimulates erythropoieses?
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Erythropoietin (EPO):
secreted when oxygen in peripheral tissues is low (hypoxia) due to disease or high altitude |
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What are the most numerous cells in the body?
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Red Blood Cells
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How long do red blood cells circulate before being recycled?
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Four months
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What are red blood cell antigens known as?
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agglutinogens
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What are the four basic blood types?
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A (surface antigen A)
B (surface antigen B) AB (antigens A and B) O (neither A nor B) |
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What is the Rh factor?
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Also called D antigen
Either Rh positive (Rh+) or Rh negative (Rh—) Only sensitized Rh— blood has anti-Rh antibodies |
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What is universal donor?
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O-
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What is the main purpose of white blood cells?
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Defend against pathogens
Remove toxins and wastes Attack abnormal cells |
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What are three white blood cell disorders?
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Leukopenia: abnormally low WBC count
Leukocytosis: abnormally high WBC count Leukemia: extremely high WBC count |
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What are the five types of White Blood Cells?
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Neutrophils
Eosinophils Basophils Monocytes Lymphocytes |
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Which of the white blood cells are non-specific defenses and which are specific defenses?
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Non-specific:
Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils Monocytes Specific: Lymphocyte |
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What are neutrophils?
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Also called polymorphonuclear leukocytes
50–70% of circulating WBCs Pale cytoplasm granules with: lysosomal enzymes bactericides (hydrogen peroxide and superoxide) |
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What do neutrophils do?
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Very active, first to attack bacteria
Engulf pathogens Digest pathogens Digestive enzymes Defensins - peptides from lysosomes Release prostaglandins and leukotrienes Form pus |
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What is degranulation?
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Removing granules from cytoplasm
Defensins: peptides from lysosomes attack pathogen membranes |
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What are eosinophils?
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Also called acidophils
2–4% of circulating WBCs Attack large parasites Excrete toxic compounds: nitric oxide cytotoxic enzymes Are sensitive to allergens Control inflammation with enzymes that counteract inflammatory effects of neutrophils and mast cells |
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What are basophils?
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Are less than 1% of circulating WBCs
Are small Accumulate in damaged tissue Release histamine: dilates blood vessels Release heparin: prevents blood clotting |
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What are monocytes?
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2–8% of circulating WBCs
Are large and spherical Enter peripheral tissues and become macrophages Engulf large particles and pathogens Secrete substances that attract immune system cells and fibroblasts to injured area |
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What are lymphocytes?
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20–30% of circulating WBCs
Are larger than RBCs Migrate in and out of blood Mostly in connective tissues and lymphatic organs Are part of the body’s specific defense system |
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What are the three classes of lymphocytes?
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T Cells
B Cells Natural Killer Cells |
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What are T-Cells?
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Cell-mediated immunity
Attack foreign cells directly |
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What are B-Cells?
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Humoral immunity
Differentiate into plasma cells Synthesize antibodies |
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What are natural killer cells?
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Detect and destroy abnormal tissue cells (cancers)
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What do all blood cells originate from?
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All blood cells originate from hemocytoblasts:
which produce myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem cells |
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How do white blood cells develop?
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WBCs, except monocytes:
develop fully in bone marrow Monocytes: develop into macrophages in peripheral tissues |
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What are the 4 colony-stimulating factors (CSFs)?
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Hormones that regulate blood cell populations:
M-CSF: stimulates monocyte production G-CSF: stimulates granulocyte productionneutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils GM-CSF: stimulates granulocyte and monocyte production Multi-CSF: accelerates production of granulocytes, monocytes, platelets, and RBCs |
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What are platelets?
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Cell fragments involved in human clotting system
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What is platelet circulation?
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Circulates for 9–12 days
Are removed by spleen 2/3 are reserved for emergencies |
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What are two platelet related conditions?
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Thrombocytopenia:
abnormally low platelet count Thrombocytosis: abnormally high platelet count |
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What are three functions of platelets?
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Release important clotting chemicals
Temporarily patch damaged vessel walls Actively contract tissue after clot formation |
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How does platelet production occur?
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Also called thrombocytopoiesis:
occurs in bone marrow Megakaryocytes - giant cells Manufacture platelets from their cytoplasm |
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What are the three stages of hemostasis?
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The cessation of bleeding:
vascular phase (vascular spasm/contraction) platelet phase (Platelet adhesion/aggregation) coagulation phase (coagulation, fibrinogen -> fibrin) |
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What is prostacyclin?
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Released by platelets during clotting to prevent uneeded clots
Inhibits clotting Negative Feedback |
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What is the purpose of a blood clot?
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Fibrin network
Covers platelet plug Traps blood cells Seals off area |
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What are the three pathways of coagulation?
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Extrinsic pathway:
begins in the vessel wall outside blood stream Intrinsic pathway: begins with circulating proenzymes within bloodstream Common pathway: where intrinsic and extrinsic pathways converge |
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What is the common pathway for coagulation?
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Activation of Factor X
Forms enzyme prothrombinase Converts prothrombin to thrombin Thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin |
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What is the purpose of thrombin?
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Stimulates formation of tissue factor
stimulates release of PF-3: forms positive feedback loop (intrinsic and extrinsic): accelerates clotting |
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What pulls a wound together during healing?
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Platelets
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What is fibrinolysis?
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Slow process of dissolving clot:
thrombin and tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA): activate plasminogen Plasminogen produces plasmin: digests fibrin strands |