Physiology: Cell Biology, Muscle, And Cardiac

Front 1

What are the two varieties of cardiac action potential?

Back 1

rhythmic autonomic of conduction system
non-rhythmic stimulation-dependent of cardiac muscle

Front 2

Which ion has a more important role in cardiac muscle action potential than in neurons?

Back 2

calcium

Front 3

Which phase represents rest, where potassium is the only ion that's permeable to the membrane?

Back 3

phase 4

Front 4

During which phase is there a fast upstroke depolarization where sodium rapidly rushed into the cell?

Back 4

phase 0

Front 5

During which phase is there a slight repolarization where potassium starts flowing out of the cell?

Back 5

phase 1

Front 6

Which phase is the plateau phase where calcium starts rushing into the cell?

Back 6

phase 2

Front 7

Which phase involves total repolarization where potassium rapidly rushes out of the cell?

Back 7

phase 3

Front 8

What kind of channel is the funny channel and under what conditions does it open?

Back 8

sodium channel open at voltages below -40mV

Front 9

What happens during the P-wave?

Back 9

atrial depolarization

Front 10

What happens during the QRS-complex?

Back 10

ventricular rdpolarization and
atrial repolarization

Front 11

What happens during the T-wave?

Back 11

ventricular repolarization

Front 12

What is the condition of the heart beat being too slow (<60 bpm)?

Back 12

Bradycardia

Front 13

What is the condition of the heart beat being too fast (>100 bpm)?

Back 13

Tachycardia

Front 14

What is the condition of a quivering heart called?

Back 14

Fibrillation

Front 15

What is an extra contraction outside of the normal conduction pathway called?

Back 15

Premature or Ectopic beat

Front 16

What does ventricular filling consist of?

Back 16

passive filling and
active filling (atrial kick)

Front 17

What does ventricular contraction consist of?

Back 17

isovolumetric contraction and
ventricular ejection

Front 18

What does ventricular relaxation consist of?

Back 18

isovolumetric relaxation and
passive ventricular filling

Front 19

What is preload?

Back 19

stretching of ventricles immediately before contraction

Front 20

What is afterload?

Back 20

the pressure exerted back upon ventricles at the end of systole

Front 21

What do cardiac glycosides do?

Back 21

inhibit Na-K pump causing accumulation of intracellular Na

Front 22

What is Ohm's law?

Back 22

force = pressure difference between arteries and veins / resistance

Front 23

What is lateral pressure?

Back 23

pressure against the blood vessel wall

Front 24

What is dynamic pressure?

Back 24

pressure pushing blood forward through the blood vessel lumen

Front 25

What does Bernoulli's principle state?

Back 25

high lateral pressure means dynamic pressure is low

Front 26

What is resistance related to?

Back 26

R = 8nl / (pi)r^4

Front 27

What does the Reynold's number represent?

Back 27

turbulence
directly related to density, diameter, and velocity
inversely related to viscosity

Front 28

What are the three pressures present in the lungs?

Back 28

arterial, venous, alveolar

Front 29

In which zone is the alveolar pressure > arterial pressure > venous pressure?

Back 29

Zone 1

Front 30

In which zone is the arterial pressure > alveolar pressure > venous pressure?

Back 30

Zone 2

Front 31

In which zone is arterial pressure > venous pressure > alveolar pressure?

Back 31

Zone 3

Front 32

What does the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system do?

Back 32

raises blood pressure

Front 33

What does epinephrine cause?

Back 33

vasodilation, increased heart rate, no change in mean arterial pressure

Front 34

What does norepinephrine cause?

Back 34

vasoconstriction and can increase heart rate

Front 35

What does acetlycholine do?

Back 35

slows heart rate

Front 36

What blocks the acetylcholine receptor?

Back 36

atropine

Front 37

Where is the H zone in a sarcomere?

Back 37

distance between actin filaments

Front 38

Where is the A band in a sarcomere?

Back 38

the length of the myosin filaments

Front 39

What is the I band in a sarcomere?

Back 39

distance between myosin filaments of neighboring sarcomeres

Front 40

What happens during crossbridge attachment?

Back 40

elevated calcium
cross-bridge binding

Front 41

What happens during crossbridge motion?

Back 41

ADP released
power stroke

Front 42

What happens during crossbridge detachment?

Back 42

ATP binds
cross-bridge released

Front 43

What happens when the crossbridge is energized?

Back 43

ATP hydrolysis
myosin head cocked for power stroke

Front 44

How are cardiac muscle cells connected, both mechanically and chemically?

Back 44

mechanically by intercalated discs
chemically by gap junctions

Front 45

What is required to open a Ryanodine receptor?

Back 45

calcium

Front 46

Which muscle type is not striated?

Back 46

smooth

Front 47

Which muscle type is multinucleated?

Back 47

skeletal

Front 48

Which muscle type lacks gap junctions?

Back 48

skeletal

Front 49

Which muscle type lacks T-tubules?

Back 49

smooth

Front 50

Which muscle type has a T-tubule triad?

Back 50

skeletal

Front 51

Which muscle has a T-tubule diad?

Back 51

cardiac

Front 52

Which muscle type binds calcium with calmodulin?

Back 52

smooth