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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a pluripotent stem cell?
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non-committed stem cell
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How many RBC do we make/minute?
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120 million
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RBC
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make full circuit 3,000x/day
300 billion RBC replaced every day primarily because of the presence of pluripotent (hematopoietic) stem cells |
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How many RBC in the body?
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25 trillion
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Ratio of hematopoietic stem cells to cells in mice
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1:2000 cells
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How many healthy bone marrow cells required for bone marrow transplant?
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40 billion cells
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What percentage of total bone marrow cells are stem cells?
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0.1%
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How does a stem cell become an erythrocyte?
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stem cell
hemocytoblast erythroblast (synthesis of Hb) normoblast (shrinkage of nucleus) reticulocyte erythrocyte |
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What is the lifespan of a RBC?
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120 +/- 40 days
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How many Hb per RBC?
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280 million
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How many abnormal Hb in humans?
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300
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What is the molecular weight of Hb?
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68,000 daltons
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What is Hb composed of?
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2 identical alpha (chromosome 16) chains and 2 identical beta (chromosome 17) chains
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What gives RBC its red color?
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Heme
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Where is ferrous found?
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in heme
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What does oxygen bind to?
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to coordination valences of ferrous iron (not to ++)
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Characteristics of bound oxygen
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loosely bound
molecular state not ionic REVERSIBLE binding |
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Methemoglobin contains:
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Fe3+ (ferric) (10%)
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Methemoglobinemia
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individuals have hemoglobin in methemoglobin form
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What does oxyreductase do?
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changes ferric (Fe3+) to ferrous (Fe2+)
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Iron is absorbed mainly in ferrous (Fe2+) form by what mechanism and where?
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by active transport in duodenum
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What is ferrous complexed to in the blood?
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Transferrin (to create the transferrin/Fe2+ complex)
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Where does ferrous go after it is complexed to transferrin?
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Brought to bone marrow to make more RBC, excess iron brought to hepatocytes in liver
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Once iron is brought to the hepatocytes in the liver, what happens?
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iron released from transferrin and complexed to apoferritin
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What does iron and apoferritin create?
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Iron + apoferritin = ferritin
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What is iron comprised of?
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4 nitrogenous (porphyrin) rings
iron in ferrous form in the center |
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What is Hemoglobin comprised of?
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2 alpha chains (identical to one another)
2 beta chains (identical to one another) 4 heme groups (each heme group has one ferrous ion) |
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What makes up the bulk of the RBC?
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hemoglobin
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hemo + globin
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hemo (Fe2+)
globin (protein, reticuloendothelial cells recycle globin proteins) |
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Where is Fe2+ stored?
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liver, spleen, digestive tract
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Heme-->bile-->bilirubin
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bile is an emulsifying agent
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Where can Fe2+ be brought to make new RBC?
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bone marrow
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What is erythropoietin produced by?
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produced by kidney
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What is erythropoietin and what is its MW?
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glycoprotein containing sialic acid
MW=34,000 it is gene cloned available as a therapeutic agent for various pathologies such as anemias |
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Does testosterone increase or decrease erythropoietin production?
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increase
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Increase in RBC _____ viscosity and _____ flow rate
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increases, decreases
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Blood doping
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taking blood out of body, allowing body to replace it, putting blood back in
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What is an agglutinogen?
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antigen on RBC
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What is an agglutinin?
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antibody in plasma
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Type A blood
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A agglutinogen
Anti B agglutinin |
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Type B blood
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B agglutinogen
Anti A agglutinin |
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Type AB blood
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A and B agglutinogens
No agglutinins |
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Type O blood
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No agglutinogens
Anti A and Anti B agglutinins |
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Rh factor
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antigen, Rh+ have it, Rh- do not have it, about 10% of people do not have it
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IgG antibody and the Rh- mother (with Rh+ fetus)
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IgG is only ab in family of ab's that can cross placenta (IgG is most abundant ab)
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Erythroblastosis fetalis
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hemolytic disease of the newborn
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RhoGAM
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treats erythroblastosis fetalis
serum containing anti Rh agglutinins agglutinates the Rh factor preventing mother's immune response and sensitization (binds and shields Rh+ fetal cells that might come into contact with maternal cells) |
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When would you treat with RhoGAM?
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before and shortly after birth (same for women who have miscarried or aborted fetuses)
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If transfusion needed, is transfused blood Rh+ or Rh-?
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Rh-
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Intrinsic blood coagulation
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release of chemicals from damanged vessels or tissues
occurs in blood with Hageman Factor XII becoming activated initiating the intrinsic pathway |
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Extrinsic blood coagulation
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blood contacts damaged vessel walls or tissues outside vessels releasing thromboplastin
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Thromboplastin + platelet factor 3 (in the presence of calcium)
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Prothrombin Activator (PA)
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PA and calcium mediate reaction of prothrombin (factor II) conversion to
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thrombin (factor IIa)
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What is needed for prothrombin synthesis?
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Vitamin K from bacteria in GI tract
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Thrombin and calcium mediate next reaction converting...
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fibrinogen to fibrin monomer
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Fibrin monomers are then converted to...
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fibrin polymer in the presence of calcium and stabilizing factor
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WBC (neutrophils)
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leukotaxine, leukocytosis promoting factor
leukocytosis promoting factor goes to bone marrow and stimulates bone marrow to make more neutrophils |
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What is it called when the WBC come out of the capillaries?
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diapedesis
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