Physiology: Block Iii Endocrine (Anderson)

Front 1

What is the mechanism of activation of adenylate cyclase in the cAMP pathway?

Back 1

The alpha subunit of the Gs protein binds GTP and dissociates from the rest of the complex to activate adenylate cyclase.

Front 2

Acts on adrenal cortex to stiumulate secretion of glucocortocoids:

Back 2

ACTH

Front 3

Acts on the thyroid gland to cause the secretion of thyroid hormones and maintains the growth of the tyroid gland:

Back 3

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

Front 4

Promotes growth by stimulating the liver to produce IGF-1

Back 4

Growth Hormone

Front 5

Release of CRH from the hypothalamus stiumulates what in the pituitary?

Back 5

ACTH

Front 6

Acts to promote maturation of the developing ovum

Back 6

FSH

Front 7

Acts to promote spermatic maturation and stimulates testes to secrete inhibin

Back 7

FSH

Front 8

Stimulates the testes to secrete testosterone

Back 8

LH

Front 9

Contributes to maturation of the ovum and formation of the corpus leuteum

Back 9

LH

Front 10

Growth hormone circulates in the plasma bound to ________.

Back 10

Growth Hormone Binding Protein (GHBP)

Front 11

Characterized by puffiness of the hands, face, and feet - intolerance to cold, husky voice, decreased metabolic rate and easily fatigued.

Back 11

Hypothyroidism

Front 12

Characterized by dwarfism, mental retardation, puffy face, and protruding tongue and low T4 levels:

Back 12

Cretinism (Congential Hypothyroidism)

Front 13

An autoimmune disease against thyroid peroxidase, thyroglobulin, or TSH receptors. Characterizes by low T3 and T4 but high TSH and TRH:

Back 13

Hashimoto's Hypothyroidism

Front 14

Condition in which T3, T4 and TSH are low. Giving TRH won't help:

Back 14

Secondary hypothyroidism

Front 15

Condition characterized by low TSH, low T3 and T4 but patient responds to injected TRH.

Back 15

Tertiary Hypothyroidism - hypothalamic hypothyroidism

Front 16

Autoimmune disease, creates TSI which which acts like TSH and causes hyperthyroidism - accompanied by exophthalmos (protruding eyeballs)

Back 16

Grave's Disease

Front 17

What is the difference between a thyroid hormone secreting tumor and a TSH secreting tumor?

Back 17

Thryroid hormone secreting tumor will have low TSH due to feedback inhibition - the TSH secreting tumor will have high T3, T4, and TSH

Front 18

What are the three types of pancreas cells and what do they each secrete?

Back 18

Alpha - glucagon
Beta - Insulin
Delta - Somatostatin

Front 19

Assay of plasma _________ gives an indication of the secretory capabilities of the pancreas beta cells.

Back 19

C peptide

Front 20

What is insulins effect on hormone sensetive lipase? Why?

Back 20

inhibits HSL because it acts to increase storage of fats in times of glucose abundance

Front 21

Insulin acts through its beta subunits that have which activity?

Back 21

Tyrosine Kinase

Front 22

What effect does glucagon have on HSL?

Back 22

It increases the activity - increasing lipolysis

Front 23

Activation of the PSNS has what effect on insulin and glucagon?

Back 23

Increases BOTH

Front 24

Activation of the SNS has what effect on insulin and glucagon?

Back 24

Inhibits insulin (alpha adrenergic) and stimulates glucagon (beta adrenergic)

Front 25

Inhibits insulin and glucagon release via paracrine action.

Back 25

Somatostatin

Front 26

What effects do high plasma animo acids have on insulin and glucagon?

Back 26

Increases BOTH

Front 27

How does glucose work to cause the release of insulin?

Back 27

Glut 2 glucose receptors are always open and found on the pancreatic beta cells. The resulting ATP from intracellular breakdown of glucose closes the ATP sensetive K+ channels causing cell depolarization and Ca++ influx which stimulates insulin release.

Front 28

This drug lowers blood glucose in type II diabetes by stimulating the beta cells to secrete more insulin:

Back 28

Glyburide

Front 29

Elevated HbA1c is a predictor of what?

Back 29

It is an index of blood glucose levels and will be elevated when the blood glucose has been high for an extended period.

Front 30

The zona reticularis synthesizes what? What controlls its release?

Back 30

Glucocorticoids and Androgens- controlled by ACTH

Front 31

What does the zona Fasiculata synthesize and what is its release caused by?

Back 31

Glucocorticoids and androgens - controlled by ACTH

Front 32

What does the zona glomerulosa synthesize and how is its release controlled?

Back 32

Aldosterone and it is controlled by AII

Front 33

This protein is synthesized by the liver and binds 75% of circulating cortisol:

Back 33

Corticosteriod Binding Globulin (CBG) or Transcortin

Front 34

What are the general effects of cortisol and how does it relate to insulin?

Back 34

Cortisol increases gluconeogenesis and results in glucose output by the liver - has anti insulin effects on the muscle and adipose.

Front 35

How is cortisol an anti-inflammatory?

Back 35

Inhibits vasodilation by inhibiting phospholipase A2 which results in lower PGs, leukotrienes, and thromboxanes.

Front 36

What does the zona Fasiculata synthesize and what is its release caused by?

Back 36

Glucocorticoids and androgens - controlled by ACTH

Front 37

What does the zona glomerulosa synthesize and how is its release controlled?

Back 37

Aldosterone and it is controlled by AII

Front 38

This protein is synthesized by the liver and binds 75% of circulating cortisol:

Back 38

Corticosteriod Binding Globulin (CBG) or Transcortin

Front 39

What are the general effects of cortisol and how does it relate to insulin?

Back 39

Cortisol increases gluconeogenesis and results in glucose output by the liver - has anti insulin effects on the muscle and adipose.

Front 40

How is cortisol and anti-inflammatory?

Back 40

inhibits vasodilation by inhibiting phospholipase A2 which results in lower PGs, leukotrienes, and thromboxanes.

Front 41

Is the primary regulator of aldosterone:

Back 41

AII

Front 42

Volume depletion, low renal blood flow, or decreased plasma Na+ all cause release of what from the kidneys?

Back 42

Renin

Front 43

Increased plasma _____ directly stimulates the zona glomerulosa to secrete aldosterone.

Back 43

Potassium

Front 44

What is the most common cause of Conn's Syndrome?

Back 44

Aldosterone-secreting tumor in the adrenal gland

Front 45

Condition characterized by hypertension, hypervolemia, and hypokalemia. Patient will have HTN and hugh aldosterone but low renin secretion:

Back 45

Conn's Syndrome - hyperaldosteronism

Front 46

What are the two causes of aldosterone deficiency? How are they distinguished?

Back 46

Adrenal and Renal - adrenal will have low aldosterone and high renin and Renal will have low aldosterone and low renin

Front 47

In this condition, both cortisol and aldosterone are decreased or absent and patient has weakness/fatigabililty, weight loss, high ACTH, and cannot tolerate stress:

Back 47

Primary Adrenal insufficiency - Addison's disease

Front 48

Condition characterized by low levels of both ACTH and cortisol-

Back 48

Secondary Adrenal deficiency : Pituitary disfunction

Front 49

Condition caused by an adrenal tumor causing high cortisol and results in moon face, buffalo hump, HTN and hyperglycemia:

Back 49

Cushing's Syndrome

Front 50

Condition caused by ACTH secreting pituitary tumor:

Back 50

Cushing's Disease

Front 51

What effects will dexamethasone have on an ACTH secreting pituitary tumor (Cushing's Disease) vs. and ectopic ACTH secreting tumor?

Back 51

Dexamethasone will supress ACTH release in the pituitary but not an ectopic tumor.

Front 52

Are synthesized in chromaffin cells from tyrosine in the adrenal medulla:

Back 52

Catecholamines

Front 53

Hypoglycemia is a potent stimulator for _______ release. Why?

Back 53

Epinephrine - acts to increase gluconeogenesis

Front 54

This condition results from a tumor, usu in the adrenal medulla that causes excess secretion of NE - symptoms occur paroxysmally and cause HTN, headache, perspiration, and feelings of anxiety:

Back 54

Pheochromocytoma

Front 55

Increases permeability of of bone cells to calcium so that more calcium can enter the ECF, also increases the activity of osteoclasts -

Back 55

PTH

Front 56

Directly increases calcium reabsorption in the kidneys though TAL of LOH and increased vitamin D in the distal tubule.

Back 56

PTH

Front 57

How does PTH decrease phosphate levels?

Back 57

By increasing phosphate excretion by decreasing the Km in the proximal tubule.

Front 58

Vitamin D circulates bound to__________.

Back 58

vitamin D binding protein (VitDBP)

Front 59

Increases plamsa calcium and phosphate:

Back 59

Vitamin D

Front 60

PTH increases the vitamin D activation by increasing the activity of __________.

Back 60

1 alpha hydroxylase

Front 61

Decreases both plasma calcium and phosphate

Back 61

Calcitonin

Front 62

Solid tumors that secrete parathyroid hormone related peptide that can activate PTH receptors and cause all the symptoms of hyperparathyroidism:

Back 62

Hypercalcemia of Malignancy

Front 63

Occurs in children with a vitamin D deficiency and can be caused by poor intestinal absorption of calcium causing an increase in PTH secretion which causes bone resorption-

Back 63

Rickets

Front 64

Genetic disorder resulting from an enzyme deficiency of 1 alpha hydroxylase

Back 64

Vitamin D deficiency type I

Front 65

Genetic disorder caused by resistance to 1,25 OH vitamin D

Back 65

Vitamin D deficiency Type II

Front 66

Condition caused by the complete absence of androgen receptor function in the XY genotype

Back 66

Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome

Front 67

This deficiency prevents testosterone from being converted to dihydrotestosterone - results in genetic male with female external genitalia until 12 when a penis develops

Back 67

5 alpha reductase deficiency

Front 68

Spermatogenesis takes place within the intracellular space between ________ cells.

Back 68

Sertoli

Front 69

Sertoli cells synthesize which protein?

Back 69

Androgen Binding Protein

Front 70

Stimulates the Sertoli cells to secrete androgen binding protein

Back 70

FSH

Front 71

Stimulates Leydig cells to secrete testosterone

Back 71

LH

Front 72

FSH stimulates the granulosa cells to convert androgens to _______ and ________. What enzyme is used?

Back 72

Estrone and Estradiol - aromatase

Front 73

Testosterone is converted to ________ by 5 alpha reductase.

Back 73

DHT

Front 74

The fetal adrenal gland converts pregnenolone to DHEAS which is converted to _______ in the placenta.

Back 74

Estrone

Front 75

The fetal liver converts pregnenolone to 16-OH DHEAS which is converted to _________ by the placenta.

Back 75

Estriol

Front 76

For the following caridio embryonic structure state the neonatal structure to which is gives rise:

Primitive ventricle

Back 76

PART of LV