Physiology - Biomolecules

Front 1

Ion

Back 1

If an atom or molecule gains or loses one or more electrons, it acquires an electrical charge and becomes an ion.

Front 2

Isotope

Back 2

An atom that gains or
loses neutrons becomes an isotope of the same element.

Front 3

Hydroxyl group (-OH)

Back 3

Oxygen and hydrogen.

H2o is broken down into a hydrogen ion (H+) and a hydroxyl group (-OH). Has a negative charge.

Front 4

Hydrogen Ion (H+)

Back 4

The nucleus of a hydrogen atom separated from its accompanying electron. Has a positive charge.

Front 5

Acid

Back 5

A molecule that contributes H+ to a solution.

Front 6

Base

Back 6

A molecule that decreases the H+ concentration of a solution by combining with free H+.

Front 7

Ionic Binding

Back 7

The donation of an electron, causing electrostatic attractions between ions.

Front 8

Atomic Number

Back 8

The number of protons.

Front 9

Methyl Group (-CH3)

Back 9

One carbon, three hydrogen attached. Has a negative charge.

Front 10

Carboxyl Group (COOH)

Back 10

Carbon with double bond to oxygen, single bond to an OH.

Front 11

Amine Groups

Amino (-NH2)

Back 11

Nitrogen with two hydrogens. Amino acids are the only ones that have nitrogen.

Front 12

Phosphate

(-H2Po4)

Back 12

A phosphate, 4 oxygens, 2 hydrogens.

Front 13

Anion

Back 13

An atom or group of atoms that has gained electrons, resulting in an negative charge.

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Molecule

Back 14

More than one element bonded together, covalently.

Front 15

Isomer

Back 15

Molecules with the same chemical formula but different chemical structures.

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Sucrose

Back 16

Disaccharide.

Fructose + glucose. Fruit sugars.

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Monosaccharide

Back 17

Simple sugar that contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in 1:2:1 ratio.

The only one we can digest.

Front 18

Disaccharide

Back 18

A sugar molecule consisting of 2 monosaccharides linked by dehydration synthesis.

Front 19

Dehydration Synthesis

Back 19

Anabolic process. To synthesize a disaccharide, an H+ and an -OH are removed, one from each molecule. The remaining O becomes the link. A separate H2O is formed as a result.

Front 20

Galactose

Back 20

Monosaccharide. 6 carbon structure. Combines with glucose to form lactose.

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Maltose

Back 21

Disaccharide.

Glucose + Glucose. (Malt sugar)

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Glucose

Back 22

Monosaccharide. 6 carbon structure.

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Fructose

Back 23

Monosaccharide. 6 carbon structure. Combines with glucose to make sucrose (table sugar.)

Front 24

Lactose

Back 24

Disaccharide. Glucose + Galactose.

Front 25

Hydrolysis

Back 25

Catabolic process. A water molecule is broken apart. An H+ is donated to one molecule, an -OH to the other, resulting in the breaking of a disaccharide.

Front 26

4 Classes of Biomolecules

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Carbohydrates (sugars)

Lipids (fats)

Amino Acids (proteins)

Nucleotides (ATP)

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Starches

Back 27

Polysaccharide.

A G-String of maltose.

Digestible.

Comes from plants.

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Polysaccharides

Back 28

3 or more sugar molecules bound together.

Front 29

Cellulose

Back 29

Polysaccharide.

Non-digestible.

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Glycogen

Back 30

Polysaccharide in stored form.

Formed in animals (including humans.)

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Triglycerides

Back 31

Made up of three fatty acids attached to a glycerol. Most common lipid. Shock absorption, insulation, storage.

Front 32

Lipids

Back 32

Neutral, without charge.

Carbon-containing compounds that are found in organisms.

Hydrophobic.

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Fatty Acid

Back 33

Strand of carbons that have carboxyl group (-COOH) on one end, and a methyl group (-CH3) on the other.

Front 34

Saturated Fatty Acids

Back 34

Long chains of carbon atoms bound to hydrogens.

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Monounsaturated Fatty Acids

Back 35

Fatty acids have one double bond between two of the carbons in the chain. For each double bond, the molecule has two fewer hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon chain.

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Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

Back 36

Fatty acids that have two or more double bonds between carbons in the chain.

Front 37

Eicosanoids

Back 37

Chemical messengers. Act as regulators of physiological functions. We don't produce them, we have to eat them.

Front 38

Steroids

Back 38

They have a unique 4 carbon structure. Make hormones. Chemical messengers.

Front 39

Phospholipids

Back 39

Has 2 fatty acids connected to a glycerol and a phosphate group (–H2PO4). Cholesterol and phospholipids are important components of animal cell membranes.

Front 40

Glycerol

Back 40

A simple 3-carbon molecule that makes up the backbone of most lipids.

Front 41

Amino Acids

Back 41

Building blocks of proteins.

Has the Nitrogen!!

Essentials are the ones you need but don't make yourself.

Front 42

Amino Acid Structure

Back 42

Has a carboxyl group (–COOH), an amino group (–NH2), and a hydrogen attached to the same carbon. The fourth bond of the carbon attaches to a variable “R” group.

Front 43

Nucleotides

Back 43

DNA, RNA, ATP, and cyclic AMP.

Have 3 bases, nitrogenous, sugar and phosphate.

Front 44

Nitrogenous bases for nucleotides

Back 44

Purines - adenine, guanine.
Pyrimidines - cytosine, uracil, Thymine.
DNA & RNA both use guanine, adenine, and cytosine.
Only DNA uses thymine, only RNA uses uracil.

Front 45

Sugar bases for nucleotides

Back 45

5 carbon structure.

Ribose for RNA

DNA for deoxyribose. (No ribose.)

We produce these in the body to make nucleotide structure.