Physiology And Histology Of The Skin

Front 1

Apocrine glands

Back 1

Coiled structures attached to hair follicles found in the underarm and genital areas that secrete sweat

Front 2

Arrector pili muscle

Back 2

Small, involuntary muscles in the base of the hair follicle that cause goose flesh when the appendage contracts, sometimes called goose bumps and papillae

Front 3

Barrier function

Back 3

Protective barrier of the epidermis; the corneum and intercellular matrix protect the surface from irritation and dehydration

Front 4

Ceramides

Back 4

Glycolipid materials that are a natural part of skins intercellular matrix and barrier function

Front 5

Collagen

Back 5

Fibrous, connective tissue made from protein; found in the reticular layer of the dermis; gives skin it's firmness. Topically, a large, longchain molecular protein that lies on the top of the skin and binds water; derived from the placentas of cows or other sources

Front 6

Corneocytes

Back 6

Another name for a stratum corneum cell. Hardened, waterproof, protective keratinocytes; these "dead" protein cells are dried out and lack nuclei

Front 7

Dermal papillae

Back 7

Membranes of ridges and grooves that attach to the epidermis; contains nerve endings and supplies nourishment through capillaries to skin and follicles

Front 8

Dermis

Back 8

Also known as the derma, corium, cutis, or true skin; support layer of connective tissue, collagen, and elastin below the epidermis

Front 9

Desmosomes

Back 9

The structures that assist in holding cells together; intercellular connections made of proteins

Front 10

Eccrine glands

Back 10

Sweat glands found all over the body with openings on the skins surface through pores; not attached to hair follicles, secretions do not produce an offensive odor

Front 11

Elastin

Back 11

Protein fiber found in the dermis; gives skin it's elasticity and firmness

Front 12

Epidermal growth factor

Back 12

(EGF); stimulates cells to reproduce and heal

Front 13

Epidermis

Back 13

Outermost layer of skin; a thin, protective layer with many cells, mechanisms, and nerve endings. It is made up of five layers: stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum germinativum

Front 14

Eumelanin

Back 14

A type of melanin that is dark brown to black in color. People with dark colored skin mostly produce eumelanin. There are two types of melanin; the other type is pheomelanin

Front 15

Fibroblasts

Back 15

Cells that stimulate cells, collagen, and amino acids that form proteins

Front 16

Follicles

Back 16

Hair follicles and sebaceous follicles are tube like openings in the epidermis

Front 17

Glycation

Back 17

Caused by an elevation in blood sugar, glycation is the binding of a protein molecule to a glucose molecule resulting in the formation of damaged, nonfunctioning structures, known as Advanced Glycation End products (aka AGES). Glycation alters protein structures and decreases biological activity

Front 18

Hair papillae

Back 18

Cone-shaped elevations at the base of the follicle that fit into the hair bulb. The papillae are filled with tissue that contains the blood vessels and cells necessary for hair growth and follicle nourishment

Front 19

Hyaluronic acid

Back 19

Hydrating fluids found in the skin; hydrophilic agent with water binding properties

Front 20

Hydrolipidic

Back 20

Hydrolipidic film is an oil-water balance that protects the skins surface

Front 21

Intercellular matrix

Back 21

Lipid substances between corneum cells that protect the cells from water loss and irritation

Front 22

Keratin

Back 22

Fiberous protein of cells that is also the principal component of skin, hair, and nails; provides resiliency and protection

Front 23

Keratinocytes

Back 23

Epidermal cells composed of keratin, lipids, and other proteins

Front 24

Langerhans immune cells

Back 24

Guard cells of the immune system that sense unrecognized foreign invaders, such as bacteria, and then process these antigens for removal through the lymph system

Front 25

Leukocytes

Back 25

White blood cells that have enzymes to digest and kill bacteria and parasites. These white blood cells also respond to allergies

Front 26

Lymph vessels

Back 26

Located in the dermis, these supply nourishment within the skin and remove waste

Front 27

Melanin

Back 27

Tiny grains of pigment (coloring matter) that are produced by melanocytes and deposited into cells in the stratum germinativum layer of the epidermis and in the papillary layers of the dermis. It is a protein that determines hair, eye, and skin color; a defense mechanism to protect skin from the sun

Front 28

Melanocytes

Back 28

Cells that produce skin pigment granules in the basal layer

Front 29

Melanosomes

Back 29

Pigment carrying granules that produce melanin, a complex protein

Front 30

Papillary layer

Back 30

Top layer of the dermis next to the epidermis

Front 31

Pheomelanin

Back 31

A type of melanin that is red and yellow in color. People with light colored skin mostly produce pheomelanin. There are two types of melanin; the other is eumelanin

Front 32

Pores

Back 32

Tube like opening for sweat glands on the epidermis

Front 33

Reticular layer

Back 33

Deeper layer of the dermis that supplies the skin with oxygen and nutrients; contains fat cells, blood vessels, sudoriferous (sweat) glands, hair follicles, lymph vessels, arrector pili muscles, sebaceous (oil) glands, and nerve endings

Front 34

Rosacea

Back 34

Chronic condition that appears primarily on the cheeks and nose and is characterized by flushing (redness), telangiectasis (distended or dilated surface blood vessels), and, in some cases, the formation of papules and pustules

Front 35

Sebaceous glands

Back 35

Also known as oil glands; protect the surface of the skin. Sebaceous glands are appendages connected to follicles

Front 36

Sebum

Back 36

Oil that provides protection for the epidermis from external factors and lubricates both the skin and hair

Front 37

Stratum corneum

Back 37

Also known as horny layer; outermost layer of the epidermis, composed of corneocytes

Front 38

Stratum germinativum

Back 38

Also known as basal cell layer; active late of the epidermis above the papillary layer of the dermis; cell mitosis takes place here that produces new epidermal skin cells and is responsible for growth

Front 39

Stratum granulosum

Back 39

Also known as granular layer; layer of the epidermis composed of cells filled with keratin that resembles granules; replaces cells shed from the stratum corneum

Front 40

Stratum lucidum

Back 40

Clear, transparent layer of the epidermis under the stratum corneum; thickest on the palms of the hands and soles of feet

Front 41

Stratum spinosum

Back 41

Also known as spiny layer; layer of the epidermis above the stratum germinativum (basal) layer containing desmosomes, the intercellular connections made of proteins

Front 42

Subcutaneous layer

Back 42

Also known as hypodermis; subcutaneous adipose (fat) tissue located beneath the dermis; a protective cushion and energy storage for the body

Front 43

Subcutis tissue

Back 43

Also known as adipose tissue; fatty tissue found below the dermis that gives smoothness and contour to the body, contains fat for use as energy, and also acts as a protective cushion for the outer skin

Front 44

Sudoriferous glands

Back 44

Also known as sweat glands; excrete perspiration, regulate body temperature, and detoxify the body by excreting excess salt and unwanted chemicals

Front 45

T-cells

Back 45

Identify molecules that have foreign peptides and also help regulate immune response

Front 46

Telangiectasis

Back 46

Capillaries that have been damaged and are now larger, or distended, blood vessels; commonly called couperose skin

Front 47

Transepidermal water loss

Back 47

Abbreviated TEWL; water loss caused by evaporation on the skins surface

Front 48

Tyrosinase

Back 48

The enzyme that stimulates melanocytes and thus produces melanin

Front 49

UVA radiation

Back 49

Also known as aging rays; longer wavelengths ranging between 320-400 nanometers that penetrate deeper into the skin than UVB; cause genetic damage and cell death. UVA contributes up to 95 percent of the Suns ultraviolet radiation

Front 50

UVB radiation

Back 50

Also known as burning rays; UVB wavelengths range between 290-320 nanometers. UVB rays have shorter, burning wavelengths that are stronger and more damaging than UVA rays. UVB causes burning of the skin as well as tanning, skin aging, and cancer