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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Sperm path starting with seminiferous tubules.
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seminiferous tubules > epididymis > vas deferens > prostate gland (seminal vesicle and ejaculatory duct join) > urethra
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Where are spermatagonia found?
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seminiferous tubules, but migrate into the Sertoli cells
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Stages of sperm development. Start with primordial germ cell.
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primordial germ cell enter testes = spermatogonia > primary spermatocyte > Meiosis 1 > Secondary spermatocyte > spermatid > maturation > mature sperm
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Length of spermatogenesis
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74 days
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Enzymes in the acrosome
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hyaluronidase + proteolytic enzymes to degrade zona pellucida
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What is the axoneme?
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sperm flagellum with microtubule propulsion mechanism
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How does the sperms tail get energy to whip back and forth?
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mitochondria making ATP in the tail
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How does testosterone stimulate spermatogenesis?
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activates leydig cells to make germinal cells
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How does LH stimulate spermatogenesis?
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stimulates leydig cells to produce testosterone
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How does FSH stimulate spermatogenesis?
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stimulate sertoli cells to convert spermatids into mature sperm (spermiogenesis)
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How does growth hormone stimulate spermatogenesis?
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stimulates proliferation of the early spermatogonia and germ cells
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What is spermiogenesis?
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conversion of spermatid into mature sperm
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Sperm is stored in the ...
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testes
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Sperm matures in the ...
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epididymis
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Developing sperm gain motility in the ...
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epididymis
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Function of seminal vesicles
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provide fructose and other chemicals to the ejaculate to promote fertilization and sperm nutrition
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Why are prostaglandins in the seminal vesicle fluid?
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to promote uterus/fallopian tube peristalsis to move the sperm up
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Prostate function
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add seminal fluid to ejaculate with fibrinolysin, calcium
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Where is calcium added into the ejaculate?
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from the prostate
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Semen is acidic or alkaline?
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alkaline (pH= 7.5) due to prostate secretions to neutralize the acidic vagina
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What is capacitation?
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changes to the mature sperm once in the vagina to promote fertilization. 1) remove cholesterol membrane to weaken sperm head 2) calcium permeability to activate flagellum
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What is the acrosomal reaction?
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sperm penetrating the zona pellucida. enzymatic penetration with hyaluronidase + proteases
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What is cryptorchidism?
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failure of testes to descend from abdomen= sterile due to high temp + epithelial degeneration
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Can ejaculation occur without communication of the genitals to the brain?
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yes, there is normally brain activity needed (stimulation), but there is also a reflex in the spinal cord that contributes
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Erection is controlled by which autonomic system?
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parasympathetics (lumbosacral)
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cGMP has what effect on erection?
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increases vasodilation = increases erection
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Contraction of what muscles keeps venous blood in the penis during erection?
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corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum
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Ejaculation is mediated by which part of the autonomic nervous system?
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sympathetics (hypogastric + pelvic plexus)
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Most active androgen
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dihydrotestosterone
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Where is testosterone made?
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interstitial cells of Leydig in the seminiferous tubules
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What is arrhenoblastoma?
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tumor of embryonic rest cells of the ovary that produces testosterone
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Contraction of what muscles keeps venous blood in the penis during erection?
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corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum
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Ejaculation is mediated by which part of the autonomic nervous system?
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sympathetics (hypogastric + pelvic plexus)
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Most active androgen
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dihydrotestosterone
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Where is testosterone made?
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interstitial cells of Leydig in the seminiferous tubules
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What is arrhenoblastoma?
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tumor of embryonic rest cells of the ovary that produces testosterone
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Where are testosterone secreting cells derived from in males?
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genital ridge cells of abdomen
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Testosterone has what effect on bone matrix?
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increase bone matrix and calcium retention
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Testosterone has what effect on basal metabolic rate?
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increases
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Testosterone has what effect on RBC levels?
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increases; no effect on erythropoietin
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What type of receptors does Testosterone use?
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intracellular cytoplasmic receptors
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Testosterone has negative feedback on what organs?
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hypothalamus (inhibits GnRH), anterior pituitary (inhibits LH and little FSH)
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FSH is regulated in the male by levels of ...
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inhibin from sertoli cells
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What is inhibin?
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from sertoli cells; released when spermatogenesis is high to inhibit FSH release
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Testosterone negatively feeds back on which anterior pituitary hormone?
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LH primarily also FSH
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GnRH primarily promotes release of which anterior pituitary hormone?
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LH mostly
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Fetal testes development in the mother is regulated by which hormone?
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HCG from placenta stimulates fetal testes to produce testosterone so they develop properly
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Puberty is signalled by the release of which major hormone?
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GnRH; there is testosterone before puberty, but there is very little GnRH until puberty
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What is the male climacteric?
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decrease in sex function around 40-50
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Prostate enlargement has what effect on urination?
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obstructs the urethra = difficult urination
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Excess testosterone during childhood will lead to short or tall height?
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short due to early uniting of the epiphysis; there will be more muscle growth though
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How does viagra work?
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phosphodiesterase inhibitor > inhibits cGMP degradation > higher cGMP > vasodilation > blood flow to penis for erection
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Pineal gland secretes ...
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melatonin
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Major pineal gland function
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circadian rhythm by sensing darkness
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