Physiology: 8 - Respiratory System

Front 1

Respiratory System - function

Back 1

Supplies oxygen to, and remoces carbin dioxide from, the blood

Front 2

Gas exchange in the lung occurs across . . . by the process of _____

Back 2

. . . the pulmonary membrane by the process of _diffusion_

Front 3

Pulmonary membrane - defn

Back 3

Boundary between alveolar gas and pulmonary capillary blood

Front 4

_______ diffuses from the ______ into the blood

Back 4

_Oxygen_ diffuses from the _alveolus_ into the blood

Front 5

_______ diffuses from the ______ into the alveolus

Back 5

_Carbon Dioxide_ diffuses from the _blood_ into the alveolus

Front 6

The rate at which gas diffuses across the pulmonary membrane is determined by three factors:

Back 6

1 Diffusion constant of the gas
2. Area & Thickness of the membrane
3. Partial pressure on either side of the membrane

Front 7

Gases in the lung diffuse from a region of _____ to one of ______

Back 7

Gases in the lung diffuse from a region of _higher partial pressure_ to one of _lower partial pressure_

Front 8

Carbon dioxide diffuses _____ than oxygen

Back 8

Carbon dioxide diffuses _faster_ than oxygen

Front 9

The branches of the trachebrobchial tree ______

Back 9

The branches of the trachebrobchial tree _bifurcate_

Front 10

Alveoli make up the _______ of the pulmonary membrane

Back 10

Alveoli make up the _largest part_ of the pulmonary membrane

Front 11

Anatomical Dead Space

Back 11

The volume of the lung where no gas exchnge takes place

Front 12

Alveolar volume

Back 12

Volume in the lung where gas exchange can take place

Front 13

Emphysema decreases the _________

Back 13

Emphysema decreases the _area of the pulmonary membrane_

Front 14

Pulmonary edema increases the ________

Back 14

Pulmonary edema increases the _thickness of the pulmonary membrane_

Front 15

_______ is the driving force for the diffusion of gases acess of the pulmonary membrane

Back 15

_Partial pressure gradients of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide_ is the driving force for the diffusion of gases acess of the pulmonary membrane

Front 16

Dalton's Law

Back 16

The total pressure of a mixture of gases is determines by the sum of the partial pressures of each of its constituents

Front 17

Partial Pressure of O₂- Inspired Air

Back 17

150

Front 18

Partial Pressure of CO₂- Inspired Air

Back 18

0

Front 19

Partial Pressure of O₂- Alveolar Gas

Back 19

100

Front 20

Partial Pressure of CO₂- Alveolar Gas

Back 20

40

Front 21

Partial Pressure of O₂- Arterial Blood

Back 21

100

Front 22

Partial Pressure of CO₂- Arterial Blood

Back 22

40

Front 23

Partial Pressure of O₂- Mixed Venous Blood

Back 23

40

Front 24

Partial Pressure of CO₂- Mixed Venous Blood

Back 24

46

Front 25

Hemoglobin has two ___ chains and two ___ chains that each contain a _____

Back 25

Hemoglobin has two _alpha_ chains and two _beta_ chains that each contain a _heme_

Front 26

Heme

Back 26

Binding site for oxygen on hemoglobin

Front 27

Oxygen Saturation of blood

Back 27

Percentage of the total number of hemoglobinsite that are occupied by O₂

Front 28

Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve is characterized by . . .

Back 28

Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve is characterized by . . . a steep, S-shaped portion, and a flat, nearly horizontal portion

Front 29

The steep, S-shaped portion of the Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve . . .

Back 29

The steep, S-shaped portion of the Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve . . . corresponds to the range of oxygen tensions over which O₂ saturation is dependent on O₂ pressure

Front 30

The flat portion of the Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve . . .

Back 30

The flat portion of the Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve . . .corresponds to the range of oxygen tensions over which O₂ saturation is independent of O₂ pressure

Front 31

At rest, tissues extract ______ of the oxygen arterial blood carries

Back 31

At rest, tissues extract _1 quarter_ of the oxygen arterial blood carries

Front 32

Carbon Dioxide is carried by the blood in three ways:

Back 32

1. bicarbionate ion in plasma
2. carbamino compounds
3. dissolved in plasma

Front 33

Bicarbonate ion is formed in blood in a reaction between . . . that is catalyzed by _______

Back 33

Bicarbonate ion is formed in blood in a reaction between _CO₂ and H₂O_ that is catalyzed by _carbonic anhydrase_

Front 34

Carbamino compounds are formed when . . .

Back 34

Carbamino compounds are formed when CO₂ molecules combine with NH₃ in protiens

Front 35

Amount of CO₂ carried by different forms, in decresing order

Back 35

1. Bicarbonate ions (60%)
2. carbamino compounds ((30%)
3. Dissolved in blood (10%)

Front 36

Pleural membrane

Back 36

Slippery membrane on outer surface of the lung and inner surface of the thracic cage that allows the two to slide easily over each other

Front 37

Chest wall - components

Back 37

Rib cage & Diaphragm

Front 38

Respiratory muscles are ______ muscles divided into ____ muscles and ______ muscles

Back 38

Respiratory muscles are _skeletal_ muscles divided into _inspiratory_ muscles and _expiratory_ muscles

Front 39

The volume of the lung ______ when inspiratory muscles shorten

Back 39

The volume of the lung _increases_ when inspiratory muscles shorten

Front 40

The volume of the lung ______ when expiratory muscles shorten

Back 40

The volume of the lung _decreases_ when expiratory muscles shorten

Front 41

Inspiratory muscles - components

Back 41

Diaphrapgm & external intercostals

Front 42

Exspiratory muscles - components

Back 42

Abdominals & internal intercostals

Front 43

Elasticity - def'n

Back 43

Property of matter that enables it to return to its original shape after being deformed by an external force

Front 44

Compliance - def'n

Back 44

A measure of the ease with which a spring can be stretched

Front 45

The compliance of the lung ____ with increasing lung volume

Back 45

The compliance of the lung _decreases_ with increasing lung volume

Front 46

Lungs become ______ when they are inflated to a larger volume

Back 46

Lungs become _stiffer_ when they are inflated to a larger volume

Front 47

The resistive properties of the lung are due to the _____ airways through which air flows during breathing, which depends critically on the ______ of the airways

Back 47

The resistive properties of the lung are due to the _narrow_ airways through which air flows during breathing, which depends critically on the _diameter_ of the airways

Front 48

The airways of the trachobronchial tree contain ___ muscle that ____ when they are exposed to acetylcholne

Back 48

The airways of the trachobronchial tree contain _smooth_ muscle that _contract_ when they are exposed to acetylcholne

Front 49

_______ is the neurotransmitter used by the parasympathetic nervous system

Back 49

_Acetlycholine_ is the neurotransmitter used by the parasympathetic nervous system

Front 50

Bronchoconstriction

Back 50

Contraction of the bronchial smooth muscle by acetylcholine that narrows the airways and increases airway resistance

Front 51

Bronchodilation

Back 51

Relaxatino of bronchial smooth muscle when they exposed to (nor)epinephrine, decreasing airway resistance

Front 52

Miunte Ventilation - def''n

Back 52

The rate at which air moves into and out of the trachea in L/min

Front 53

Tidal Volume - def'n

Back 53

The volume of air inspired per breath in L

Front 54

Alveolar Ventilation - def'n

Back 54

The rate at which air moves into and out of the alveoli, in L/min

Front 55

Small Tidal Volumes used in rapid-shallow breathing are inefficient because . . .

Back 55

Small Tidal Volumes used in rapid-shallow breathing are inefficient because . . . an excessive amount of energy is wasted ventilating dead space

Front 56

Alveolar Gas Law I - def'n

Back 56

The level of CO₂ in alveolar gas represents the balance between the rate of CO₂ production by metabolizing tissues and the rate of CO₂ removed by alveolar ventilation

Front 57

Alveolar Gas Law II - def'n

Back 57

The level of O₂ pressure in alveolar gas depends on the level of CO₂ pressure in alveolar gas, i.e. any change in alveolar CO₂ pressure must be accompanied by an opposite change in alveolar O₂ pressure

Front 58

Hypoventilation - def'n

Back 58

A condition in which the rate of CO₂ production by the tissues exceeds the rate of CO₂ removal by the lung.

Front 59

Hypoventilation produces High levels of ____ in the alveolar gas and arterial blood, and low levels of ___ in alveolar gas and arterial blood

Back 59

Hypoventilation produces High levels of _CO₂_ in the alveolar gas and arterial blood, and low levels of _O₂_ in alveolar gas and arterial blood

Front 60

Hyperventilation - def'n

Back 60

A condition in which the rate of CO₂ removal by the lung exceeds the rate of CO₂production by the tissues .

Front 61

Hyperventilation produces low levels of ____ in the alveolar gas and arterial blood, and high levels of ___ in alveolar gas and arterial blood

Back 61

Hyperventilation produces low levels of _CO₂_ in the alveolar gas and arterial blood, and high levels of _O₂_ in alveolar gas and arterial blood

Front 62

Coordinating centers in the ____ transmit neural signals to the _____, which convert their neural drive to _______, which is the force that alters pleural pressure to move the lung

Back 62

Coordinating centers in the _CNS_ transmit neural signals to the _respiratory muscles_, which convert their neural drive to _respiratory muscle tension_, which is the force that alters pleural pressure to move the lung

Front 63

______ blood levels of __ & __ pressure, and ___ are continuously monitored by ______

Back 63

_arterial_ blood levels of _O₂_ & _CO₂_ pressure, and _pH_ are continuously monitored by _chemoreceptors_

Front 64

Central chemoreceptors in the ______ respond to the level of ____ in arterial blood.

Back 64

Central chemoreceptors in the _brainstem_ respond to the level of _CO₂ _ in arterial blood.

Front 65

Peripheral chemoreceptors in the _____ & ____ bodies respond to the levels of ____, ___ , and ____ in arterial blood.

Back 65

Peripheral chemoreceptors in the _carotid_ & _aortic_ bodies respond to the levels of _O₂pressure_, _CO₂pressure_ , and _pH_ in arterial blood.

Front 66

Ventilation increases when arterial ___ pressure rises above its nomral value of ___ mmHg and ______ when arterial ___ pressure falls below its normal value.

Back 66

Ventilation increases when arterial _CO₂ _ pressure rises above its normal value of _40_ mmHg and ______ when arterial _CO₂_ pressure falls below its normal value.

Front 67

Ventilation _______ when arterial O₂ pressure falls to moderately low levels, but ______ at severely low levels

Back 67

Ventilation _does not change_ when arterial O₂ pressure falls to moderately low levels, but _is strongly stimulated_ at severely low levels

Front 68

Respiratory Reflexes originate in _______ which provide a rapid form of respiratory regulation because they can . . .

Back 68

Respiratory Reflexes originate in _mechanoreceptors_ which provide a rapid form of respiratory regulation because they can . . . alter ventilation before any changes in blood gases can stimulate chemoreceptor reflexes

Front 69

Mechanoreceptors that affect respiratory reflexes:

Back 69

Lung irritant receptors
Pulmonary Stretch receptors
Respiratory Muscle spindles
Tendon Organs

Front 70

pH of arterial blood is held constant by the ____ action of the ___ / ____ system and by blood proteins, primarliy _______

Back 70

pH of arterial blood is held constant by the _buffering_ action of the _HCO₃-_ / _CO₂_ system and by blood proteins, primarliy _hemoglobin_

Front 71

Alkalosis - def'n

Back 71

blood pH > 7.4

Front 72

Acidosis - def'n

Back 72

blood pH < 7.4

Front 73

An abnormal pH could be due to an abnormal level of ___ or ___

Back 73

An abnormal pH could be due to an abnormal level of _HCO₃-_ or _CO₂_

Front 74

Alkalosis occurs when _____ is _____ than _____

Back 74

Alkalosis occurs when _[HCO₃-]:[CO₂]_ is _greater_ than _20:1_

Front 75

Acidosis occurs when ______ is ______ than ____

Back 75

Acidosis occurs when _[HCO₃-]:[CO₂]_ is _less_ than _20:1_

Front 76

Abnormal arterial pH that is due to a disturbance in the [HCO₃-]:[CO₂] proportion is usually compensated for, so that if ____ levels are chronically _____ due to a long-standing lung disease, causing _______, it is usually accompanied by a compensatory ______ due to the elevation of _____ levels by the kidney

Back 76

Abnormal arterial pH that is due to a disturbance in the [HCO₃-]:[CO₂] proportion is usually compensated for, so that if _[CO₂___ levels are chronically _elevated_ due to a long-standing lung disease, causing _acidosis_, it is usually accompanied by a compensatory _alkalosis_ due to the elevation of _HCO₃-_ levels by the kidney