Physiology: 7 - Renal System

Front 1

Function of the Renal system

Back 1

Cleanses the blood of metabolic waste products
Regulates the constituents of body fluids
Helps control arterial pressure

Front 2

To carry fluids in and out, each kidney has . . .

Back 2

. . .a renal artery, a renal vein and a ureter.

Front 3

Functional unit of the kidney

Back 3

The nephron

Front 4

# of capillary beds in the nephron

Back 4

2

Front 5

Glomerulus

Back 5

Capillary bed through which blood enters the nephron

Front 6

Most of the peritubular capillaries are located in the _____ close to the ______

Back 6

Most of the peritubular capillaries are located in the _cortex_ close to the _tubules and collecting duct_

Front 7

Vasa Recta

Back 7

A thin capillary that surrounds the Loop of Henle

Front 8

The nephron cleanses the blood by filtering it through the ________; the result of this filtration is called ________

Back 8

The nephron cleanses the blood by filtering it through the _glomerulus_; the result of this filtration is called _glomerular filtrate_

Front 9

Excretion of unwanted substances is accomplished in two ways:

Back 9

1. Failure of the kindey tubular cells to transport them back into the peritubular capillary blood
2. Active secretion of of the substances from the peritubular blood into the kidney tubular cells

Front 10

Glomerular membrane is made up of

Back 10

1. A layer of endothelium that is perforated with small holes called fenestrae
2. A basement membrane that consists of a loose meshwork of fibers called fibrillae
3. A layer of epithelium that contains spaces between its cells called slit pores

Front 11

The glomerular membrane is highly _____ to small ______ due to the dimensions of the _______ and size of nature of the _______

Back 11

The glomerular membrane is highly _permeable_ to small _particles_ due to the dimensions of the _slit pores_ and size of nature of the _basement membrane_

Front 12

The glomerular membrane is impermeable to ______ and ______

Back 12

The glomerular membrane is impermeable to _red blood cells_ and _plasma proteins_

Front 13

Glomerular filtrat can be regarded as ________ minus _______

Back 13

Glomerular filtrat can be regarded as _plasma_ minus _plasma proteins_

Front 14

GFR

Back 14

Glomerular Filtration Rate

Front 15

GFR depends on __________ and _______

Back 15

GFR depends on _permeability of glomerular membrane for water_ and _the balance between the pressures in the capillary (Glomerulus) and Bowman's Capsule_

Front 16

GFR = _________,
which means _______ . . .

Back 16

GFR = K [ (Pc-Pi) - (πc - πi) ],
which means Glomerular filtration rate is equal to the permeability constant of water times the hydrostatic pressure of the capillary minus the hydrostatic pressure of Bowman's capsule minus the osmotic pressure of blood minus the osmotic pressure of the glomerular filtrate

Front 17

Blood Pressure of the kidney is ______ of the rest of the body

Back 17

Blood Pressure of the kidney is _independent_ of the rest of the body

Front 18

Blood Pressure in the glomerulus ______ and is dependent on the _____

Back 18

Blood Pressure in the glomerulus _changes_ and is dependent on the _GFR_

Front 19

GFR remains _______ over a wide range of arterial blood pressure

Back 19

GFR remains _constant_ over a wide range of arterial blood pressure

Front 20

Urine output is low during ______

Back 20

Urine output is low during _hypotension_

Front 21

Urine output is high during ______

Back 21

Urine output is high during _hypertension_

Front 22

Constriction of the afferent arteriole leads to ____ GFR

Back 22

Constriction of the afferent arteriole leads to _low_ GFR

Front 23

Constriction of the efferent arteriole leads to ____ GFR

Back 23

Constriction of the efferent arteriole leads to _high_ GFR

Front 24

Components of the juxtaglomerular apparatus

Back 24

macula densa & juxtaglomerular cells

Front 25

macula densa

Back 25

Specialized epithelial cells in the distal tubule, sensitive to ionic content and water volume

Front 26

Juxtaglomerular cells

Back 26

Smooth muscle cells of the arterioles which are in close contact with macula densa

Front 27

A low GFR causes _______ reabsorption of sodium and chloride ions so that the cells of the macula densa are exposed to a more _______ fluid

Back 27

A low GFR causes _excessive_ reabsorption of sodium and chloride ions so that the cells of the macula densa are exposed to a more _dilute_ fluid

Front 28

Exposure to a more _____ fluid stimulates the cells of the macula densa to secrete a substance that ______ the afferent arterioles, ______ing glomerular capillary pressure and _____ing GFR back to its normal level

Back 28

Exposure to a more _dilute_ fluid stimulates the cells of the macula densa to secrete a substance that _dilates_ the afferent arterioles, _increas_ing glomerular capillary pressure and _rais_ing GFR back to its normal level

Front 29

A dilute fluid at the macula densa stimulates the release of the enzyme _____ into the blood that catalyzes the formation of __________. This is a __________ agent that constricts the ________ arteriole, ______ing glomerular capillary pressure and _____ing GFR back to its normal level

Back 29

A dilute fluid at the macula densa stimulates the release of the enzyme _renin_ into the blood that catalyzes the formation of _angiotensin_. This is a _vasoconstrictive_ agent that constricts the _efferent_ arteriole, _increas_ing glomerular capillary pressure and _rais_ing GFR back to its normal level

Front 30

Hypertension ________ glomerular capillary pressure, which, in turn, _______ urine output. The ________ urine output ________ blood volume and helps restore normal levels of arterial BP

Back 30

Hypertension _raises_ glomerular capillary pressure, which, in turn, _increases_ urine output. The _increased_ urine output _lowers_ blood volume and helps restore normal levels of arterial BP

Front 31

A doubling of arterial pressure causes an _-fold increase/decrease in urine output

Back 31

A doubling of arterial pressure produces an _8_-fold _increase_ in urine output

Front 32

Hypotension _______ glomerular capillary pressure, which, in turn, _________ urine output. The ________ urine output _________ blood volume and helps restore normal levels of arterial BP

Back 32

Hypertension _lowers_ glomerular capillary pressure, which, in turn, _decreases_ urine output. The _decreased_ urine output _raises_ blood volume and helps restore normal levels of arterial BP

Front 33

A halving of arterial pressure causes ________ in urine output

Back 33

A halving of arterial pressure causes _a complete cessation_ in urine output

Front 34

Glucose gets ______ by the kidney

Back 34

Glucose gets _fully reabsorbed_ by the kidney

Front 35

Urea gets ________ by the kidney

Back 35

Urea gets _partially reabsorbed_ by the kidney

Front 36

Inulin gets _______ by the kidney

Back 36

inulin gets _ignored_ by the kidney

Front 37

PAH gets ______ by the kidney

Back 37

PAH gets _secreted_ by the kidney

Front 38

As ______ rises, a threshold is reached which point no more gets reabsorbed, and it gets excreted

Back 38

As _blood glucose levels_ rises, a threshold is reached which point no more gets reabsorbed, and it gets excreted

Front 39

Most water is reabsorbed in the _________

Back 39

Most water is reabsorbed in the _proximal tubule_

Front 40

The _____, ______, & ______ all reabsorb the same amount of water

Back 40

The _distal tubule_, _loop of henle_, & _the collecting duct_ all reabsorb the same amount of water

Front 41

Active Secretion of substances is accomplished by a ______________ in which transported substances move in a direction that is opposite to that of ________

Back 41

Active Secretion of substances is accomplished by a _sodium counter-transport mechanism_ in which transported substances move in a direction that is opposite to that of _sodium_

Front 42

ADH, _________, is released by the __________

Back 42

ADH, _antidiuretic hormone_, is released by the _posterior pituitary gland_

Front 43

Counter-transport mechanism

Back 43

reabsorption is accomplished as higher & lower concentrations cross and bring the other closer to norm

Front 44

Proximal Tubule absorption qualities

Back 44

well adapted for reabsorption of solutes and water

Front 45

Plasma clearance is a measure of the kidney to . . ..

Back 45

Plasma clearance is a measure of the kidney to . . . cleanse the plasma of a given substance

Front 46

plasma clearance =

Back 46

plasma clearance = urine flow [Cu]/[Cp] = urine flow * Concentration of substance in urine / Concentration of substance in plasma

Front 47

Osmolality

Back 47

# of moles / kilogram of water

Front 48

Glomerular Filtrate has _______ osmolality as plasma

Back 48

Glomerular Filtrate has _the same_ osmolality as plasma

Front 49

Permeability of the collecting duct is regulated by _____

Back 49

Permeability of the collecting duct is regulated by _ADH anti-diuretic hormone_

Front 50

A normal sodium concentration is maintained through a balance between the _________ mechanism which regulates _water intake and the ___________ system which regulates water output by the kidney

Back 50

A normal sodium concentration is maintained through a balance between the _thirst_ mechanism which regulates _water intake_ and the _osmoreceptor-ADH_ system which regulates water output by the kidney

Front 51

The thirst mechanism employs sensors in the ____________ that respond to __________________

Back 51

The thirst mechanism employs sensors in the _hypothalmus_ that respond to _intracellular dehydration_

Front 52

sensors in the _hypothalmus_ that respond to intracellular dehydration can be stimulated by _________ concentration in extracellular fluid, ___________ in intracellular fluid, or a _________ volume

Back 52

sensors in the _hypothalmus_ that respond to intracellular dehydration can be stimulated by _high sodium_ concentration in extracellular fluid, _high potassium_ in intracellular fluid, or a _low blood_ volume

Front 53

When concentration of __________ is high, neural output from the osmoreceptors stimulates the ________ to secrete _______

Back 53

When concentration of _sodium_ in ECF is high, neural output from the osmoreceptors stimulates the _pituitary gland_ to secrete _ADH_

Front 54

_________ regulates K+ in ECF

Back 54

Aldosterone

Front 55

________ regulates Na+ in ECF

Back 55

ADH

Front 56

Aldosterone secretion happens when . . .

Back 56

Aldosterone secretion happens when . . . high [K+] in ECF and low [Na+] in ECF

Front 57

ADH secretion happens when . . .

Back 57

ADH secretion happens when . . . high [Na+] in ECF

Front 58

A low GFR stimulates the cells of the macula densa to . . .

Back 58

. . . secrete a substance that dilates the affereent arterioles in order to raise GFR, and release renin which will form angiotensin, which will constrict the efferent arteriole, rasing GFR

Front 59

Decreased urine output ______ blood volume and helps restore normal BP

Back 59

Decreased urine output _increases_ blood volume and helps restore normal BP

Front 60

Hypertension ______ glomerular capillary pressure, _____ urine output

Back 60

Hypertension _increases_ glomerular capillary pressure, _increasing_ urine output

Front 61

A doubling of arterial pressure produces a ___-fold increase in urine output

Back 61

A doubling of arterial pressure produces a _8_-fold increase in urine output

Front 62

A halving of arterial pressure produces a ______ in urine output

Back 62

A halving of arterial pressure produces a _cessation_ in urine output

Front 63

Active secretion of substances is accomplished by a ____-_____ _____ in which transported substances move in a direction that is opposite to that of ______

Back 63

Active secretion of substances is accomplished by a _counter_-_transport_ _mechanism_ in which transported substances move in a direction that is opposite to that of _sodium_

Front 64

Where water is reabsorbed in the kidney tubules, in decresaing amount of reabsorption

Back 64

1. Proximal Tubule (65%)
2. Loop of Henle (15%)
3. Distal Tubule (10%)
4. Collecting Duct (9.3%)

Front 65

The amount of water reabsorbed in the collecting duct varies, depending on the amount of ______

Back 65

The amount of water reabsorbed in the collecting duct varies, depending on the amount of _ADH_

Front 66

ADH is released by the _________

Back 66

ADH is released by the _pituitary gland_

Front 67

Proximal Tubular cells - Description

Back 67

Well adapted for reabsorption of solutes and water; permeable to water; contain large amount of mitochondria; have a well-developed brush-border that contains carrier molecules used in co-transport and counter-transport

Front 68

Cells in the descending (thin) Loop of Henle - Description

Back 68

No brush border

Front 69

Cells in the ascending (thick) Loop of Henle - Description

Back 69

Rudimentary brush border; well-adapted for transport of sodium and chloride; impermeable to water

Front 70

Cells in initial portion of distal tubule - Description

Back 70

Rudimentary brush border; well-adapted for transport of sodium and chloride; impermeable to water

Front 71

Cells in late portion of distal tubule - Description

Back 71

impermeable to water in the absence of ADH

Front 72

Cells in collecting duct - Description

Back 72

impermeable to water in the absence of ADH

Front 73

Plasma Clearance - Def

Back 73

A measure of the ability of the kidney to cleanse the plasma of a given substance

Front 74

______ is used to measure plasma clearance

Back 74

_inulin_ is used to measure plasma clearance

Front 75

______ is used to measure renal blood flow

Back 75

_PAH_ is used to measure renal blood flow

Front 76

Osmolality - Defn

Back 76

moles/Kg of water

Front 77

When ADH is high . . .

Back 77

. . . the permeability of the collecting duct is increased

Front 78

Normal Sodium concentration is maintained through a balance between the ________ mechanism, which regulates water intake, and the _________ system, which regulates water output

Back 78

Normal Sodium concentration is maintained through a balance between the _thirst_ mechanism, which regulates water intake, and the _osmoreceptor-ADH_ system, which regulates water output

Front 79

The thirst mechanism employs sensory receptors in the __________ that can be stimulated by high ____ in ECF, high ____in ICF, or ___ Blood Volume

Back 79

The thirst mechanism employs sensory receptors in the _hypothalmus_ that can be stimulated by high _Na+_ in ECF, high _K+_ in ICF, or _low_ Blood Volume

Front 80

The osmoreceptor-ADH system employs osmoreceptors in the __________ that respond to high ____ in ECF

Back 80

The osmoreceptor-ADH system employs osmoreceptors in the _hypothalmus_ that respond to high _Na+_ in ECF

Front 81

K+ ions are secreted in . . . .

Back 81

K+ ions are secreted in . . . .late distal tubule and cirtical collecting ducts

Front 82

Aldosterone

Back 82

Decreases the concentration of K+ in ECF by stimulating the sodium-potassium pump in the kidney tubules to secrete more K+

Front 83

The rate at which K+ is secreted dpends on the concentration of of K+ in the ____ and on the level of _______

Back 83

The rate at which K+ is secreted dpends on the concentration of of K+ in the _ECF_ and on the level of _aldosterone_

Front 84

High levels of ____ and low levels of ____ in ____ stimulate the secretion of aldosterone

Back 84

High levels of _K+_ and low levels of _Na+_ in _ECF_ stimulate the secretion of aldosterone