Physiology 534 Exam Iii: Nerves

Front 1

Dorsal root ganglion

Autononomic ganglion

Back 1

Pseudounipolar

Multipolar

Front 2

Glial cells

Back 2

covers both myelinated and unmyelinated cells

Front 3

Oligodendrocytes

Back 3

in CNS and wrap around many axons

Front 4

Schwann cells

Back 4

in PNS and wrap around one axon

Front 5

Anterograde

Back 5

From cell body to axon
Uses MAP called Kinesin
Fast/slow rates

Front 6

Retrograde

Back 6

From axon terminal to cell body
ues MAP called dynein
1 rate

Front 7

Epineurium made from?

Back 7

Dense CT

Front 8

Blood/nerve barrier
Contractile

Back 8

Perineurium

Front 9

Layer around neurons made my schwann cells

Back 9

Endoneurium

Front 10

Astrocytes

Back 10

Maintain synapses
part of blood/brain barrier
Ependymal cells

Front 11

Microglia

Back 11

Phagocytic involved in immune response

Front 12

Growth

Back 12

PNS can fix injury w/ Schwann
CNS releases NOGO which suppresses growth

Front 13

ATP makes?

Back 13

cAMP via Adenylate cycylase

Front 14

Phosphodiesterase

Back 14

cAMP breaks down to 5'AMP

Front 15

Cholera toxin

Back 15

Causes diarrhea
Prevents Gs progtein from hydrolyzing GTP so cannot disable cAMP pathway-->increases secretion of Cl into lumen--> Sodium follows Cl--> water follows solute

Front 16

B-adrenergic agonist

Back 16

activates B1 adrenergic receptors-->Gs activated-->adenylate cyclase activated-->formation of cAMP

Front 17

Positive Iontropic response

Back 17

Quicker contraction
Stronger contraction
Shorter contraction

Front 18

Gi

Back 18

Inhibits adenylat cyclase production
-also, causes opening of K channels which hyperpolarizes cell.

Front 19

Alpha2-adrenergic receptors

Back 19

Ligand: Epinephrine and NE

Front 20

Muscarinic cholenergic receptors (M2)

Back 20

Ligand Ach

Front 21

Receptor coupled via Gq pathway

Back 21

1st messenger-->activation of phospholipase C-->catalyzes cleavage of PIP2-->DAG which stays bound to membrane AND IP3 which goes to cytosol and releasesn Calcium from ER & SR-->calcium binds to calmodulin

Front 22

NE from symapthatic activates

Back 22

B1 adrenergic

Front 23

Ach from parasympathic activates

Back 23

M2 receptors

Front 24

levels of Ca

Back 24

Basal lever is 10 -7
Cells cannot tolerate higher than 10 -5

Front 25

Ways to keep Calcium in control

Back 25

1. Ca ATPase transport
2. Na/Ca antiport
3. Ca ATPase in ER/SR actively transports calcium to ER

Front 26

As K moves out-->MP moves towards Ek, but cell doesn't get that - why?

Back 26

1. Na+ leaks thru K+
2. Na/Ca antiport

Front 27

Synapse

Back 27

Release of neurotransmitters & activates receptors on another neuron

Front 28

neuro-effector jxn

Back 28

Axon terminal of motor neuron (does not mean muscle) activates non-neural tissue

Front 29

EPSP

Back 29

Causes depolarization via opening of Na channels or closing K channels

Front 30

IPSP

Back 30

Causes hyperpolarization
Opens channels so K can leave

Front 31

Temporal summation

Back 31

Many pre-synaptic AP occur close-in-time so add-up

Front 32

Spatial summation

Back 32

AP in multiple axon terminals add-up

Front 33

At rest K has ? conductance

Back 33

High conductance because of K leak channels

Front 34

At rest, Na has ? conduction?

Back 34

Low conductance but not zero

Front 35

Refractor period

Back 35

Initiation of AP-repolarization
As long as Na channels are in an inactivation state

Front 36

Local anesthetics

Back 36

block fast Na channels

Front 37

2 types of cholinergic receptors

Back 37

Nicotinic (activated by Ach, nicotine)

Muscarinic (activated by Ach, muscarinic)

Front 38

Ach hydrolyzed to?

Back 38

Choline & acetate by acetylcholinesterase in synapse

Enzyme on pre/post synaptic membrane

Front 39

Reuptake of choline into presynaptic cell

Back 39

occurs via secondary active transport (symptort w/ Na)

Front 40

How is choline formed?

Back 40

Choline + acetyl CoA via cholineacetyltransferaes

Front 41

Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor

Back 41

Prevents Ach hydrolysis