Physiology

Front 1

Functions of blood?

Back 1

1)Transport substances (Oxygen Carbon di ox..)
2)Protection-maintain pH, bodyfluid vol, hemostasis, fight infection, maint.. homeostasis.

Front 2

What %,volume& pH does blood maintain in the body?

Back 2

1) 8% of body weight
2) Volume range from 4-6 liters(just over 1gal)
3) pH range from 7.33-7.45

Front 3

What pigments blood

Back 3

1) Pigmented protein called hemaglobin. & in erythrocytes blood turns red when hemoglobin binds to Oxygen & when it binds to Carbon dioxide it turns dark red or blue.

Front 4

Blood spun in a centrifuge tube seperate in?

Back 4

1) Upper clear liquid phase(plasma 55%)
2) Lower denser cellular phase (hematocrit 45%)

Front 5

What does plasma contain?

Back 5

1) Water
2) protein
3) electrolytes
4) hormones
5) Nutrients

Front 6

What does hemacrit consist of?

Back 6

Red & white blood cels, and plasma

Front 7

What happens to a drop of blood outside the body??

Back 7

1) It clots
2) Seperates into clear phase(serum) & dens redish mass of cells and fibrins(clot)

Front 8

What is the composition of a clot?

Back 8

Similar to plasma without fibrinogen.

Front 9

Waht does the clot Consist of?

Back 9

Hematocrit plus fibrin.

Front 10

Sources of plasma water, plasma protein, and blood cels?

Back 10

1) Plasma water comes from ingested water
2) Plasama protein comes from the liver.
3) Red blood cels comes from the bone marrow.

Front 11

In Adults..What is the primarry source of blood cells?

Back 11

The red bone marrow from the sternum, ribs, vertebrae, skull, and pelvis

Front 12

Secondary source of bloodcels?

Back 12

Bone marrow in the fumur, Tibia (If needed)

Front 13

Tertiary source of blood cels

Back 13

E.R(Exsessive blood loss)blood cels can be formed in the Liver and spleen.

Front 14

In Embryos the primary source of blood cels is?

Back 14

Liver and spleen

Front 15

Whatis red blood cells called

Back 15

ERYTHROCYTES

Front 16

What is the dimentions of red blood cells?

Back 16

1) 7.5 nanometers in diameter & 2.5 nanometers thick
2) Has a round top view, biconcave shape
3)Also lacks a nucleous

Front 17

What advantages does the biconcave shape of the RBC have?

Back 17

1)Helps the cell slip through capillaries more effectively.
2) Providdes a larger surface area for the diffusion of gasses.
3) Allows hemaglobin to be closer to the membrane of RBC.

Front 18

What does the lack of a nucleus in the RBC leed allow for?

Back 18

1) Allow the RBC to have a larger cytoplasm volume to fill with hemaglobin
2) And because the RBC doen't reproduce through mitosis in their short 120 day life span.

Front 19

How can ones Red blood cel count(RCC)increase

Back 19

1) After exercising
2) After a large meal
3) At high altetudes
4) when the body's temperature rises.

Front 20

What helps form RBC?

Back 20

Factors in ones diet like vit B-12, folic acid, & Iron

Front 21

What hormone stimulates the production of RBC?

Back 21

Erythropoietin stimulated from the kidneys.

Front 22

How does blood prevent blood loss?

Back 22

1) By activating plasma proteins.
2) Initiating clot formation when vessels are broken.

Front 23

How does blood prevent infection?

Back 23

1)By synthesizing & utilizing its antibodies
2)By activating compliment proteins
3)By activating the white blood cels to defend the body ffrom foreign invaders

Front 24

What is Anemia?

Back 24

Red blood disorder where the blood's capacity to carry oxygen is reduced due to the diffitiency of hemaglobin of the RBC, resulting in lack of energy (Symptoms: Shortness of breath)

Front 25

What is Nutritional Anemia?

Back 25

caused by a diet that lacks Iron, essential amino acids, and vit:B-12.

Front 26

What is Prenicious Anemia?

Back 26

This is caused by insifficient erythroietin due to the inabilit of the stomach to produce "Intrinsic factor" for vit: B-12 absorption in the small intestine.

Front 27

What is hemorrhagic anemia(Bleeding)?

Back 27

Caused by the excessive loss of RBC through internal bleeding.

Front 28

What isHemolytic Anemina?

Back 28

This is caused by the rubturing off the RBC due to defects in the hemaglobin, enzymes, or paracites,toxins, & onconpatible blood trtasfusion.

Front 29

What is Aplastic anemia?

Back 29

Caused by the destruction of the red bone marrow due to toxins, radiation, or certain drugs.

Front 30

What is Sicle cell anemia?

Back 30

This is caused by an abnormal kind of hemaglobin called "Hb-S" that bends the RBC into sickle shape, this can rupture the cell easily, reduce the oxygen delivery of the cell, and lodge RBC in capillaries (a Genetic disorder: 1/250 freq in A.American grp)

Front 31

What is polycythemia?

Back 31

a disorder where the HTC is greater than 55%, increasing the viscocity of blood, resulting inslugish circulation, hypertention, thrombosis,or hemorrhage. It divides into primary & secondary policythemia. and policythemia vera.

Front 32

Why is thrombosis a medical emergency?

Back 32

When the clot gets loose it can travel to the heart.

Front 33

What is white blood cells called

Back 33

LEUKOCYTES

Front 34

What part of the blood consist of WBC and what is their form?

Back 34

1) Less than 1%
2) Spherical, slitely larger than erythrocytes
3) Generally function in the lymphatic system: Body defense

Front 35

WBC are devided into?

Back 35

1) Granulocytes (WBC that contain granules in cytoplasm, & devided nuclei lobes)
2) Agranulocytes(lack granules in cytoplasm)

Front 36

What are the types of Granulocytes?

Back 36

1) Neutrophils(small pinkish granules)
2) Eosinophil(Large red)
3) Basophils

Front 37

What is the types of agranulocytes?

Back 37

1) Lymphocytes(Large and round)
2) Monocytes (clear cytoplasm)

Front 38

What are phagocytes?

Back 38

Leukocytes that have the ability to engulf foreign substances for the defense of the body:
a) eosinophil
b) neutrophil
c) monocytes

Front 39

How does monocytes move?

Back 39

they develop macrophages so they can travel laonger distances tio find foreign substances(moving with a amoeboid like motion relying on pseudopods of the macrophage)

Front 40

What is the funcion of Neutrophils?

Back 40

To phagocytize small particles in the blood or connective tissue

Front 41

What is the funcion of Eosinophils?

Back 41

To control inflamation and allergic reations.

Front 42

What is the funtion of Basophiles?

Back 42

1)To release antiogulant (to prevent spontaneous blood clotting)
2) to release histamine(to enhance inflamation)

Front 43

What is the funcion of Monocytes?

Back 43

To phagocytize particles in the connective tissue.

Front 44

What is the funcion of the Lymphagocytes?

Back 44

1) To attack foreign agents directly (under cell mediated immunity)
2) or by forming antibodies (under antibody mediated immunity)

Front 45

What is the funcion of thromboctytes?

Back 45

1) They are critical in forming platelet plugs in hemostasis.
2) Critical in fibrinogen when blood clots are formed.

Front 46

WHat is the funcion of the plasma protein albumin?

Back 46

It is critical in mantaining osmotic preasure in the blood and body fluids.

Front 47

What is the funcion of protein globulin?

Back 47

Serves as protein transporter(eg: for steroid hormones)

Front 48

What is the funcion of the protein fibrinogen?

Back 48

It can be converted into fibrins, in the formation of blood clots.

Front 49

Name plasma lipids?

Back 49

1) Triglycerides
2) Phospholipids
3) Cholesterol

Front 50

What does plasma lipids do?

Back 50

Plasma lipids combine with proteins (eg: globulins) and form proteins

Front 51

What is contained in Very low density lipo proteins(VLDL)?

Back 51

1) High amount of triglycerides

Front 52

What does VLDL do?

Back 52

Transport triglycerides (synthesized in the liver from carbohydrates) to adipose cells (Bad cholestrol)

Front 53

What does Low density lipo preoteins(LDL) have allot of

Back 53

High amount of choletrol

Front 54

What does LDL do?

Back 54

Delivers choletrol to various cels(bad cholestrol)

Front 55

Whay is VLDL called bad cholestrol?

Back 55

Because it takes cholestrol from liver to other cels.

Front 56

What is high density lipo proteins(HDL), their characteristics, and functions?

Back 56

1) Good cholestrol
2) Characterized to be a high [] of proteins and low [] of lipids
3) Transports remnants of chylomicrons(that have given up their cholestrol)to the liver.

Front 57

What may damage the red blood cels?

Back 57

1) Squeezing through of active tissue

Front 58

What happens to dammaged RBC?

Back 58

Macrophages in the liver and spleen phagocytize damaged red blood cells

Front 59

What hapens to hemaglobin from dead RBC?

Back 59

1) Decomposis into heme & globin
2) heme is the decomposed into iron & biliverdin

Front 60

What happens to the Iron & Biliverdin from the decomposed Heme?

Back 60

1) Iron is re-used in synthesis of new hemaglobin or stored in liver as Ferritin.
2) Some biliverdin is converted into bilirubin.
(Biliverdin & bilirubin are excreted in bile as bile pigment)

Front 61

How is RBC production increased hormonally?

Back 61

1) Kidney & liver experience a Oxygen deficiency
2) These two tissues then release the ormone erythropoietin(This hormone travels to the red bone marrow and stimulates the increase of RBC production.

Front 62

How does the RBC production decrease?

Back 62

The increasing # of RBC rises the Oxygen carrying cap of the RBC, thus increasing the oxygen []in the kidneys & liver tissue inc, thus decreasing the erythropoietin.

Front 63

Q: If there isn't enough erythropoietin.

Back 63

Q: the affected may be getting anema.

Front 64

Dietary factors of B-12 which can affect RBC production.

Back 64

Vit B-12(Req. intrinsic factors for absorbtion via S-intestine)
Function:DNA synthesis.
Eg. of disorder: Transient anemia(short breath)

Front 65

What are Dietary effects of Iron on RBC production?

Back 65

1) Iron requires Vit-C for absorbtion int the S.intestine
2) Source: Absorbed from S.intestine; conserved during RBC destruction and made available for re-use.
2)Function: Hemaglobin synthesis

Front 66

What does the term hemostases refer to?

Back 66

1) The stoppage of bleeding.
2) It is blood clotting: it is a series of rxns where each rxn stimulates the next rxn: may be initiated by intrinsict or extrinsic mechanism.

Front 67

How is extrinsic & intrinsic clotting triggered?

Back 67

1) Extrinsinc clotting is triggered when blood come in contact with dammaged tissue.
2) Intrinsic clotting is triggered when blood comes in contact with a foreign surface.

Front 68

What does the formation of a clot depend on?

Back 68

On factors that promote clotting and factors that inhibit clotting.

Front 69

What happent after a injury(cut) to a blood vessel?

Back 69

a serries reactions that result in the formation of a blood clot, which seals the opening & prevent the loss of blood.

Front 70

What is the first step of forming a blood clot?

Back 70

Vasoconstriction
1)Blood platelets adhere to the exposed collagen fibers(in the wall of the injured vessel)
2) this causes the release of seratonin from the platelets which induses strong vasoconstriction and decreases blood flow.

Front 71

What hapens after vasoconstriction in the process of forming a blood clot after injury?

Back 71

Platelet plug formation.
1) The contact of the platelets with the cologen of the injured blood vessel, releases thromboxane AZ, this induses the agregation of more platelets in the area of the plug and stimulates the formation of platelet pseudopods. These pseudopods enable the platelet agregates to bond together forming a temporary plug stopping blood loss(platelets adhere to the rough surfase & eachother & form a plug)

Front 72

How is the final clot formed after the temporary plug is formed after injury?

Back 72

In clot formation: to strengthen the plug formed, fibrinogen(blood protein) is converted to fibrin, The fibrin forms a net over the platelets, the RBC in the center & exterior of the clot stick to the net this combenation of the RBC & the platelets entangled in the fibrin net forms the blood clot.

Front 73

What regulates blood coagulation?

Back 73

1) Regulated by the extrinsic mech(from injured tissue)
2) Extrinsic mech(From blood)

Front 74

How does the extrinsic mechanism regulate coagulation?

Back 74

Damaged blood vessels in injured area release "tissue thromboplastin", this produces the "protrombin activator" after a series of chem.RXNs.

Front 75

How does the intrinsic mechanism regulate coagulation?

Back 75

Blood that is exposed to collagen fibers or other foreighn substancesafter a vesel is opened, will release the "hageman factor" which will also produce the "prothrombin activator"

Front 76

What does the prothrombin activator do?

Back 76

It converts pro thrombin (produced by liver) into thrombin(which in turn converts fibrinogen into fibrin these steps req. calcium and the "clotting factors":[proteins that facilitate blood coagulation])

Front 77

How is a clot dissolved?

Back 77

The enzyme plasmislase(break up) the fibrin net; plasmin is formed from an inactive precurser "plasminogen"

Front 78

Why is blood vesel lining smooth?

Back 78

1) Lining of vesels are smooth to prevent activation of intrinsic mech.

Front 79

What does prostacyclin do?

Back 79

2) Prostacyclin inhibits platelet adhernce to vesel wall

Front 80

What does fibrin threads absorb to prevent blood clotting?

Back 80

3) fibrin threads absorbs thrombin.

Front 81

What does antithrombin do in plasma?

Back 81

It interferes with the action of thrombin.

Front 82

What does the drug hiparin do ass an anticoagulant?

Back 82

It forms mast cels and basophils - wich interferes with the formation of prothrombin activator.

Front 83

What does the drug asprin do as a anticoagulant?

Back 83

it inhibits prostaglandin production, resulting in a defective platelet release reaction.

Front 84

What is the importance of blood grouping?

Back 84

It is important in blood transfusions to prefent agglutination(clumping of erythrocytes) caused by the binding of antigens to antibodies.

Front 85

How is blood grouped?

Back 85

It is grouped based on the presence of surface proteins on erythrocytes called antigens, which are gentically inherrited.

Front 86

How is blood grouped in the ABO groups?

Back 86

Blood is grouped by looking for the presence of antigens A & antigens B on the surface of the RBC.

Front 87

What is the different blood types?

Back 87

1) Type A(Carries antigen A{27-41% of pop})
2) Type B(Caries antigen B{10-20%})
3) Type AB(CAries both A&B antigens{4-7%})
4) Type O (Caries no antigens{45-50%})

Front 88

when is antigens formed?

Back 88

During evelopment about 2-8 months after birth.The immune system will spontaniously start defelloping specialized proteins called "antibodies" to b compatible with the antigens

Front 89

What type of antibody does each blood type have?

Back 89

1) Type A : Antibody B
2) Type B : Antibody A
3) Type AB: No antibodies
4) tYPE O : Both A&B antibody

Front 90

What group can donate to who?

Back 90

1)Type O = Universal donar (because no antigens)
2)Type AB= Universal recipient (Bc. No antibodies)
3)Type A= To type A
4)Type B= To type B

Front 91

What is Rh factor?

Back 91

A suface protein caried on the surface of RBC in addition to antigen A&B is Antigen D