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387 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the major factor that regulates insulin secretion?
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Blood glucose
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What does increased blood glucose do to insulin secretion?
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Increases it
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What cells of the pancreas produce insulin?
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Beta cells
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What does glucose bind to on beta cells?
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Glut 2 receptors
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What happens after glucose binds to glut 2 receptors?
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Glucose gets oxidized to ATP
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What does the oxidation of glucose to ATP do ?
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Closes K+ channels causing depolarization
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What channels does depolarization of the beta cell open?
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Ca2+ channels
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What does increased Ca2+ in the beta cell do?
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Stimulates insulin secretion
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If the ATP inside the beta cell is low, are the K+ channels open or closed?
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They are closed; hyperpolarized
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If the ATP inside the beta cell is high, are the K= channels open or closed?
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They are open; depolarized
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What is similar to the action of ATP that can also stimulate the secretion of insulin?
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Sulfonylurea drugs
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If the K+ channels are open in the beta cell, is insulin going to get secreted?
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No
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If the K+ channels are open in the beta cells, is insulin going to get secreted?
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Yes
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How does insulin act to decrease blood glucose?
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Increased uptake of glucose into
cells Promotes formation of glycogen Decreased gluconeo Decreased fatty acid conc Decreased AA conc Decreased K+ conc |
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Is insulin anabolic or catabolic?
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Anabolic
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What are the main functions of insulin?
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Increase uptake of nutrients
Increase storage of nutrients Decrease breakdown of stored nutrients |
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What does low insulin do to growth hormone?
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Decreases growth hormone
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What does insulin do to carbohydrate metabolism?
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Increases carbohydrate metabolism
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What does insulin do to fat metabolism?
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Decreases fat metabolism
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What do Glut 4 receptors do to blood glucose?
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Glut 4's move to the plasma membrane and take up glucose within seconds
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Is insulin secreted in response to depolarization or hyperpolarization of pancreatic beta cells?
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Depolarization due to the rise in ATP
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With high blood glucose, are Glut 4 receptors increased or decreased?
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Increased
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In high blood glucose, is glycogen synthesis increased or decresased?
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Increased
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In high blood glucose, is glycogenolysis increased or decreased?
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Decreased
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In high blood glucose, is triglyceride synthesis increased or decreased?
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Increased
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In high blood glucose, is lipolysis increased or decreased?
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Decreased
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What stimulates the secretion of insulin after a meal?
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Glucose
Amino Acids FFA Ketoacids K+ |
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What do epi and norepi do to insulin secretion?
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Turn it off; decrease it
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What does excessive growth hormone and cortisol do to insulin secretion?
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Increases it
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What does Ach do to insulin secretion?
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Increases it
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What does somatostatin do to insulin secretion?
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Decreases it
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Which rises first, insulin or blood glucose?
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Insulin--rises at the thought of food
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What does the liver store glucose as?
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Glycogen
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When is glycogen converted to glucose?
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When plasma glucose is low
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How does insulin enter beta pancreatic cells?
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Through Glut 2 receptors
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What does insulin do to the conversion of glycogen into glucose?
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Inhibits the conversion
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Does insulin activate or inhibit glycogen synthase?
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Activates glycogen synthase
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What inhibits glucose production by the liver?
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Insulin
Hyperglycemia Parasympathetics |
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What stimulates glucose production by the liver?
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FFA
Cortisol Glucagon Epi Growth hormone Sympathetics |
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Does the brain require glucose?
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Yes
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Does the brain require insulin?
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No
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Does the intestine require insulin?
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No--but does depend on SGLT
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Does the muscle require insulin?
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Yes
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How does muscle cause a rapid increase in glucose uptake?
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Glut 4 receptors to the plamsa membrane
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Does insulin reduce or increase the release of glycerol?
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Reduces the release of glycerol
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Does insulin increase or reduce the uptake of glucose?
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Increases the uptake of glucose
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Do high FFA levels stimulate or inhibit insulin secretion?
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Stimulate insulin secretion
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Do high AA levels stimulate or inhibit insulin secretion?
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Stimulate insulin secretion
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Does increased blood glucose stimulate or inhibit insulin secteion?
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Stimulates insulin secretion
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Does increased keto acids stimulate or inhibit insulin secretion?
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Stimulate insulin secretion
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Does a high level of growth hormone and cortisol stimulate or inhibit insulin secretion?
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Stimulates insulin secretion
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Does a high level of Ach stimulate or inhibit insulin secretion?
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Stimulates insulin secretion
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Does somatostatin stimulate or inhibit insulin secretion?
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Inhibits insulin secretion
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Does epi and norepi stimulate or inhibit insulin secretion?
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Inhibits insulin secretion
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What stimulates glucagon secretion?
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Decreased blood glucose levels
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What does glucagon do to the blood glucose concentration?
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Increases it
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Do decreased fatty acids stimulate or inhibit glucagon secretion?
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Stimulate glucagon secretion
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What cells of the pancreas secrete glucagon?
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Alpha cells
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Do increased amino acids stimulate or inhibit glucagon secretion?
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Stimulate glucagon secretion
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What tissue does glucagon work on?
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Liver and adipose tissue
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Does insulin increase or reduce the uptake of glucose?
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Increases the uptake of glucose
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Do high FFA levels stimulate or inhibit insulin secretion?
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Stimulate insulin secretion
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Do high AA levels stimulate or inhibit insulin secretion?
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Stimulate insulin secretion
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Does increased blood glucose stimulate or inhibit insulin secteion?
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Stimulates insulin secretion
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Does increased keto acids stimulate or inhibit insulin secretion?
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Stimulate insulin secretion
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Does a high level of growth hormone and cortisol stimulate or inhibit insulin secretion?
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Stimulates insulin secretion
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Does a high level of Ach stimulate or inhibit insulin secretion?
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Stimulates insulin secretion
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Does somatostatin stimulate or inhibit insulin secretion?
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Inhibits insulin secretion
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Does epi and norepi stimulate or inhibit insulin secretion?
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Inhibits insulin secretion
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What stimulates glucagon secretion?
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Decreased blood glucose levels
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What does glucagon do to the blood glucose concentration?
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Increases it
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Do decreased fatty acids stimulate or inhibit glucagon secretion?
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Stimulate glucagon secretion
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What cells of the pancreas secrete glucagon?
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Alpha cells
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Do increased amino acids stimulate or inhibit glucagon secretion?
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Stimulate glucagon secretion
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What tissue does glucagon work on?
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Liver and adipose tissue
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Does glucagon increase or decrease glycogenolysis?
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Increases it---prevents the recycling of glucose into glycogen
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Does glucagon increase or decrease gluconeogenesis?
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Increases gluconeogenesis
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What does glucagon do to lipolysis?
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Increases lipolysis
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What does low blood glucose stimulate?
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Release of glucagon
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What does the release of glucagon do?
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Activates adenylate cyclase
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What does activated adenylate cyclase do?
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Increased cAMP
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What does increased levels of cAMP cause?
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Activation of glycogen phosphorylase and inhibition of glycogen synthase
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Activation of glycogen phosphorylase does what?
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Breaks down glycogen to glucose and release glucose into blood
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In a fasting state, will you have a low or high insulin/glucagon ratio?
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Low ratio
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In a well fed state, will you have a low or high insulin/glucagon ratio?
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High ratio
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Is glucagon catabolic or anabolic?
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Catabolic
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What is the major hormone for the regulation of Ca2+?
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Parathyroid
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What stimulates the secretion of parathyroid hormone?
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Decreased serum Ca2+ levels
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What does decreases in serum Mg2+ concentration do to PTH secretion?
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Increases PTH secretion
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What does PTH do to bone resorption?
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Increases bone resorption by activating osteoclasts--brings Ca2+ from the bone to the ECF
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What does PTH do to Vitamin D?
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Activates Vitamin D which increased Ca2+ absorption from the diet
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What does PTH do the calcium resorption in the kidney?
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Increases it
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What does PTH do to the resorption of phosphate in the kidney?
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Decreases the resorption of phosphate by the kidney
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What does high Ca2+ do to the secretion of PTH?
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Inhibits the secretion
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What does high active Vitamin D do to the secretion of PTH?
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Inhibits the secretion
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What are the main functions of PTH?
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Increases resorption of bone
Increases absorption of Ca2+ from the diet Increases resorption of Ca2+ from the kidneys Decreases resorption of phosphate from the kidneys |
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When Ca2+ levels are high, what happens?
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Calcium gets secreted from the plasma into the bone and absorption decreases from the gut
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When Ca2+ levels are low, what happens?
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Calcium gets released from the bone into the blood and absorption from the gut is increased
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What happens to the calcium in aging?
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Calcium intake decreased--therefore osteoporosis
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If bone loss is occurring, are you hypocalcemic or hypercalcemic?
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Hypercalcemic--less Ca2+ in bone and more in blood
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What is sacrificed to maintain the plasma Ca2+ concentration?
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Bone
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What does a high pH (alkaline) do to Ca2+?
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Attracts Ca2+
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What does a low pH (acidic) do to Ca2+?
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Repels Ca2+
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In alkalosis, is free Ca2+ low or high?
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Free Ca2+ is low
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In acidosis, is free Ca2+ low or high?
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Free Ca2+ is high
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Who has a positive calcium balance?
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Children
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Who has a negative calcium balance?
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Pregnant women
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What do osteoblasts do?
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Build bone
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What does bone formation require?
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Normal levels of Ca2+, phosphate, alkaline phosphatase, and osteocalcin
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What do osteoclasts?
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Break down bone
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Where do osteoblasts get their Ca2+ from?
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The plasma
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What activates osteoblasts?
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Calcitonin
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What hormone stimulates osetoclasts?
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Parathyroid--indirectly
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Do osteoclasts have PTH receptors?
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No
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What does PTH act on directly?
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Osteoblasts
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What does PTH act on indirectly?
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Osteoclasts
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What does Vitamin D do?
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Provides Calcium and phosphate to the ECF to make bone
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What does Vitamin D deficiency cause?
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Rickets in children and osteomalcia in adults
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How does Vitamin D maintain a normal calcium level?
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By increasing absorption from the gut
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Besides food, what is another way the body manufactures Vitamin D?
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Sunlight
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What is the active form of Vitamin D?
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1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol
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What are the actions of active vitamin D in the bone?
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Increase gut absorption of Ca2+ and phosphate
Therefore making Ca2+ available for bone making |
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What does the active from of Vitamin D do in the skeletal muscle?
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Increases Ca2+ uptake by skeletal muscle cells
Increases Ca2+ uptake by the SR |
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A deficiency of Ca2+ in the muscle would cause?
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Weakness in muscles
Abnormal contractions |
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If PTH is high, Ca2+ levels are?
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Low
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If PTH is low, Ca2+ levels are?
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High
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When Ca2+ plasma levels are high, is the less or more Vitamin D in the active form?
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Less Vit D in the active form
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When serum Ca2+ is low, do you want to excrete more or less Ca2+? What does this do to PTH?
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Excrete less Ca2+--More parathyroid
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What does elevated PTH make you do to Ca2+?
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Retain Ca2+
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What makes PTH?
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Chief cells of the parathyroid
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What does high phosphate mean?
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Low calcium and high parathyroid
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If the PTH is high, what is happening to the phosphate?
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It is being excreted
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Is PTH synthesized continuously or intermittenly?
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Continuously
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When Ca2+ in the serum is high, what happens to the continuously synthesized PTH?
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The chief cells destroy the synthesized PTH
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Are PTH and free serum calcium antagonistic or synergistic?
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Antagonistic
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Is Ca2+ absorption from the gut passive or active?
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Both--a small amt enters through tight junctions--the other enters through Ca2+ channels
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Is PTH secretion pulsatile?
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Yes--mainly at night
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What does PTH do to phosphate?
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Causes excretion of phosphate
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What is calcitonin secreted by?
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C cells in the thyroid
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What does calcitonin do to serum Ca2+ levels?
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Decreases it
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Does calcitonin inhibit osteoclasts or osteoblasts?
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Osteoclasts
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What does calcitonin stimulate?
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Osteoblasts
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In hypocalcemia, is PTH high or low?
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High
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In hypocalcemia, is Calcitonin high or low?
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Low
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In hypercalcemia, is PTH high or low?
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Low
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In hypercalcemia, is calcitonin high or low?
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High
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In hyperparathyroidism, is the plasma Ca2+ high or low?
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High
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In hyperparathyroidism, is the phosphate high or low?
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Low
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Is the renal excretion of phosphate high or low in hyperparathyroidism?
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High
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In hyperparathyroidism, is the urine calcium high or low?
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Low
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What two hormones are secreted by the posterior pituitary?
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ADH and oxytocin
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Where specifically are ADH and oxytocin produced?
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Hypothalamic Neuron Cell Bodies in vesicles
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What is another name for ADH?
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Vasopressin
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What are the actions of oxytocin?
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Contractions of myoepithelial cells in the breast
Contraction of the uterus |
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What are the actions of ADH?
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Increases H2O permeability
Constriction of vascular smooth muscle Regulates volume |
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How is growth hormone released?
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Pulsatile fashion
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When is growth hormone typically secreted?
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At night
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What increases growth hormone secretion?
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Sleep
Stress Puberty Starvation Exercise Hypoglycemia |
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What decreases growth hormone secretion?
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Somatostatin
Obesity Hyperglycemia Pregnancy |
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Does growth hormone prefer fat metabolism or carbohydrate metabolism?
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Fat metabolism
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What are the functions of growth hormone?
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Increase protein synthesis
Increase linear bone growth Increase plasma glucose Increase fat metabolism Increases AA uptake |
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What stimulates growth hormone?
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Growth hormone releasing hormone
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What inhibits growth hormone?
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Somatostatin
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What stimulates the production of IGF?
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GH
PTH Sex steroids |
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What does trauma do to GH?
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Decreases it--therefore, decreases IGF and IGF receptors
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What two hormones are secreted by the posterior pituitary?
|
ADH and oxytocin
|
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Where specifically are ADH and oxytocin produced?
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Hypothalamic Neuron Cell Bodies in vesicles
|
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What is another name for ADH?
|
Vasopressin
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What are the actions of oxytocin?
|
Contractions of myoepithelial cells in the breast
Contraction of the uterus |
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What are the actions of ADH?
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Increases H2O permeability
Constriction of vascular smooth muscle Regulates volume |
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How is growth hormone released?
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Pulsatile fashion
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When is growth hormone typically secreted?
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At night
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What increases growth hormone secretion?
|
Sleep
Stress Puberty Starvation Exercise Hypoglycemia |
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What decreases growth hormone secretion?
|
Somatostatin
Obesity Hyperglycemia Pregnancy |
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Does growth hormone prefer fat metabolism or carbohydrate metabolism?
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Fat metabolism
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What are the functions of growth hormone?
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Increase protein synthesis
Increase linear bone growth Increase plasma glucose Increase fat metabolism Increases AA uptake |
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What stimulates growth hormone?
|
Growth hormone releasing hormone
|
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What inhibits growth hormone?
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Somatostatin
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What stimulates the production of IGF?
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GH
PTH Sex steroids |
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What does trauma do to GH?
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Decreases it--therefore, decreases IGF and IGF receptors
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If GH is high before puberty, what happens?
|
Gigantism--increase bone growth
|
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If GH is high after puberty, what happens?
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Acromegaly--structures still growing are nose, hands, feet, eyebrows, chin
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What do patients with excess GH have?
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High fasting glucse
High insulin secretion BUT are resistant to insulin actions |
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What does GH do to glucose levels?
|
Raises glucose levels
|
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What does absence of growth hormone result in?
|
Short stature
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What is Laron's syndrome?
|
Patients are unresponsive to growth hormone--high levels of growth hormone but low IGF-1
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What happens to IGF-1 when GH is low?
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IGF-1 is low
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What are the actions of IGF-1?
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Increase linear growth
Increase lean body mass Increase organ size |
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What do the direct actions of GH lead to?
|
Increase in plasma glucose
|
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What do the indirect actions of GH lead to?
|
Mostly through IGFs--anabolic
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What are the gonadotropins?
|
LH and FSH
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What do FSH and LH do?
|
Sexual maturation in males and females
|
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What does an increase in FSH do in the female?
|
Increases follicle growth and estrogen secretion
|
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What does an increase in FSH do in the male?
|
Stimulates the Sertoli cells for speramtogenesis
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What does an increase in LH do in the female?
|
Stimulates ovulation
Formation of the corpus leteum Synthesis of estrogen and progesterone |
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What do an increase in LH do in the male?
|
Stimulates the leydig cells to secrete testosterone
|
|
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How are gonadotropes secreted?
|
Pulsatile
|
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What are the classic endocrine glands that secrete steroid hormones?
|
Adrenal Cortex
Testes Ovaries Placenta |
|
|
What are all steroid hormones derived from?
|
Enzymatic modification of cholesterol
|
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What facilitates the movement of cholesterol from the outer mitochondrial membrane to the inner mitochondrial membrane?
|
STAR
|
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Once inside the mitochondria, what is cholesterol converted to?
|
Pregnenolone
|
|
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What action converts cholesterol into pregnenolone?
|
Cleavage of the side chain
|
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What is the precursor for all adrenal, gonadal, and placental steroids?
|
Pregnenolone
|
|
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What determines the rate of steroid release?
|
The rate of hormone synthesis
|
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How does release of steroid hormones occur?
|
Diffusion through the plasma membrane
|
|
|
The portion of cholesterol that is not used in steroid hormone synthesis is stored as what?
|
Cholesterol esters
|
|
|
How are steroid hormones transported in plasma?
|
Bound to proteins
|
|
|
What are the three main specific steroid hormone binding proteins?
|
Sex hormone-binding globulin
Corticosteroid-binding globulin Vitamin D-binding globulin |
|
|
Besides bound to proteins, what other ways can steroids be transported?
|
Bound to albumin
Free fraction |
|
|
How is cAMP involved in steroid hormone synthesis?
|
Increased cAMP activates PKA
PKA activates STAR synthesis STAR moves cholesterol into inner mictochondrial membrane Cholesterol is broken down into pregnenolone |
|
|
Instead of getting degraded, steroid hormones are converted to what?
|
Inactive metabolites
|
|
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Where is the principal site of steroid inactivation?
|
The liver
|
|
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What are inactive metabolites conjugated with in the liver?
|
Glucuronic acid or sulfate
|
|
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What does conjugation of inactive metabolites allow?
|
Facilitates the clearance of hormones by increasing their solubility in water and by decreasing their affinity for binding proteins
|
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How are conjugated metabolites excreted?
|
By the kidneys
|
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What does the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal gland secrete?
|
Aldosterone
|
|
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What does the zona fasiculata of the adrenal gland secrete?
|
Cortisol
|
|
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What does the zona reticularis of the adrenal gland secrete?
|
Androgens
|
|
|
What is the primary regulator of aldosterone?
|
The renin-angiotensin system
|
|
|
What causes renin release?
|
Low BP
Decrease in fluid volume Sympathetic stimulation |
|
|
How is aldosterone synthesis stimulated?
|
Angiotensin 2 activates the IP3 pathway and stimulates the release of calcium; the rise in calcium increases the STAR protein synthesis
|
|
|
What is the action of aldosterone?
|
Increase Na reabsorption
Increase K excretion |
|
|
Where is the prinicpal site of aldosterone action?
|
The kidney
|
|
|
What are the three types of estrogen?
|
Estradiol (E2)
Estrone (E1) Estriol (E3) |
|
|
What is the most potent form of estrogen?
|
Estradiol
|
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Which form of estrogen is most important in menopause?
|
Estrone
|
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What is the form of estrogen most involved in pregnancy?
|
Estriol
|
|
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What are the actions of LH and FSH regulated by?
|
cAMP
|
|
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What do the theca cells respond to?
|
LH
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|
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What do the granulosa cells respond to?
|
FSH
|
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Do the theca cells have a blood supply?
|
Yes
|
|
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Do the granulosa cells have a blood supply?
|
No
|
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What does LH produce in the female?
|
Androgens
|
|
|
What does FSH produce in the female?
|
Estradiol
|
|
|
What is the common hormone between the theca and granulosa cells?
|
Androstenedione
|
|
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What cells of the two cell model actually make the estrogen?
|
The granulosa cells
|
|
|
What are the steroids that promote gestation?
|
Progestins
|
|
|
What is the principal source of progesterone?
|
The corpus luteum
|
|
|
At what age are the gonadotropin levels lowest in a woman?
|
During childhood
|
|
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What is the predominant hormone during the reproductive years?
|
LH
|
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What is the predominant hormone during menopause?
|
FSH
|
|
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Which hormone is predominant throughout a woman's life?
|
FSH--except during the reproductive years
|
|
|
What is an early indicator of puberty?
|
Nocturnal LH release
|
|
|
When does the follicular phase begin?
|
At the onset of menses
|
|
|
How long is the follicular phase?
|
Variable in length
|
|
|
What does the follicular phase of the reproductive cycle correspond to in the endometrial cycle?
|
The proliferative phase
|
|
|
How long does the luteal phase last?
|
It is constant--around 13-14 days
|
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|
What does the follicular phase of the reproductive cycle correspond to in the endometrail cycle?
|
The secretory phase
|
|
|
When does the luteal phase end?
|
At the onset of menses
|
|
|
What phase of the cell cycle do primordial follicles stop?
|
Prophase 1
|
|
|
Do primordial follicles contain a granulosa cell layer?
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Yes--but it is an immature cell layer
|
|
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How does a primary follicle differ from a secondary follice?
|
The secondary follicle contain a thecal layer
|
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What is another name for a secondary follicle?
|
Preantral follicle
|
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|
At what age are the gonadotropin levels lowest in a woman?
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During childhood
|
|
|
What is the predominant hormone during the reproductive years?
|
LH
|
|
|
What is the predominant hormone during menopause?
|
FSH
|
|
|
Which hormone is predominant throughout a woman's life?
|
FSH--except during the reproductive years
|
|
|
What is an early indicator of puberty?
|
Nocturnal LH release
|
|
|
When does the follicular phase begin?
|
At the onset of menses
|
|
|
How long is the follicular phase?
|
Variable in length
|
|
|
What does the follicular phase of the reproductive cycle correspond to in the endometrial cycle?
|
The proliferative phase
|
|
|
How long does the luteal phase last?
|
It is constant--around 13-14 days
|
|
|
What does the follicular phase of the reproductive cycle correspond to in the endometrail cycle?
|
The secretory phase
|
|
|
When does the luteal phase end?
|
At the onset of menses
|
|
|
What phase of the cell cycle do primordial follicles stop?
|
Prophase 1
|
|
|
Do primordial follicles contain a granulosa cell layer?
|
Yes--but it is an immature cell layer
|
|
|
How does a primary follicle differ from a secondary follice?
|
The secondary follicle contain a thecal layer
|
|
|
What is another name for a secondary follicle?
|
Preantral follicle
|
|
|
At what age are the gonadotropin levels lowest in a woman?
|
During childhood
|
|
|
What is the predominant hormone during the reproductive years?
|
LH
|
|
|
What is the predominant hormone during menopause?
|
FSH
|
|
|
Which hormone is predominant throughout a woman's life?
|
FSH--except during the reproductive years
|
|
|
What is an early indicator of puberty?
|
Nocturnal LH release
|
|
|
When does the follicular phase begin?
|
At the onset of menses
|
|
|
How long is the follicular phase?
|
Variable in length
|
|
|
What does the follicular phase of the reproductive cycle correspond to in the endometrial cycle?
|
The proliferative phase
|
|
|
How long does the luteal phase last?
|
It is constant--around 13-14 days
|
|
|
What does the follicular phase of the reproductive cycle correspond to in the endometrail cycle?
|
The secretory phase
|
|
|
When does the luteal phase end?
|
At the onset of menses
|
|
|
What phase of the cell cycle do primordial follicles stop?
|
Prophase 1
|
|
|
Do primordial follicles contain a granulosa cell layer?
|
Yes--but it is an immature cell layer
|
|
|
How does a primary follicle differ from a secondary follice?
|
The secondary follicle contain a thecal layer
|
|
|
What is another name for a secondary follicle?
|
Preantral follicle
|
|
|
What part of the growing preantal follicle cycle is FSH independent?
|
The first 60 days
|
|
|
Do the preantral follicles express LH and FSH receptors during the FSH independent stage?
|
Yes
|
|
|
What part of the growing preantral follicle cycle is FSH dependent?
|
The last 20 days
|
|
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During the last 20 days of the growth phase, if FSH is not present, what happens to the preantral follice?
|
It will stop growing and undergo atresia
|
|
|
During what stage of the reproductive cycle is a follicle selected?
|
During the early follicular phase
|
|
|
In what stage of follicle development do we see a dramatic increase in the amount of estrogen being produced?
|
During the dominant stage of the follicle
|
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How does the dominant follicle suppress development of the other recruited follicles?
|
Production of estrogen by the dominant follicle suppresses FSH secretion--as FSH levels fall, other follicles undergo atresia
|
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During the early follicular phase, do granulosa cells express LH receptors?
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No
|
|
|
During the mid follicular phase, do granulosa cells express LH receptors?
|
A few--to be able to respond to the LH surge
|
|
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When do granulosa cells express the most LH receptors?
|
During the late follicular phase
|
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What effects does LH have on the preovulatory follicle?
|
Induces the expression of progesterone receptors and COX-2
|
|
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What is the pathway of follicle growth and developement?
|
Recruitment
Selection Dominance Preovulatory |
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|
What stage of meiosis is the secondary follicle arrested in?
|
Metaphase 2
|
|
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What promotes the resumption of meiosis?
|
LH
|
|
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What is associated with the LH surge?
|
Ovulation
|
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What does Inhibin B inhibit?
|
FSH
|
|
|
What does inhibin B do?
|
Breaks down the granulosa layer
|
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What is inhibin A assoiciated with?
|
LH
|
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When is inhibin B the highest?
|
During the follicular phase
|
|
|
When is inhibin A the highest?
|
During the luteal phase
|
|
|
What causes the egg to be released during ovulation?
|
The positive feedback of estrgoen on the pituitary
|
|
|
What is the primary hormone responsible for the proliferation of the endometrium?
|
Estrogen
|
|
|
What are te primary hormones responsible for the secretory phase of the endometrium?
|
Progesterone and estrogen
|
|
|
What causes the start of menses?
|
The sudden drop in estrogen and progesterone levels
|
|
|
What is PGF2 repsonsible for?
|
Induces the expulsion of the uterine lining and also causes cramps
|
|
|
Where does fertilization occur?
|
Where estrogen is dominant--the ampulla of the fallopian tube
|
|
|
What is the primary hormone responsible for transport and fertilization of the egg?
|
Estrogen
|
|
|
What hormone is responsible for causing the fallopian tube to relax so the egg can move down?
|
Progesterone
|
|
|
What does sperm bind on the zona pellucida?
|
ZP3
|
|
|
What dissolves the zona pellucida allowing the egg and sperm to fuse?
|
Hydrolytic enzymes released from the acrosomal cap
|
|
|
When the sperm cytosol enters the egg, calcium rises. What does the stimulate?
|
The 2nd meiotic division and the egg releases granules that harden the zona pellucida preventing other sperm from entering
|
|
|
What does the attachment of the blastocyst to the uterine wall require?
|
Progesterone
|
|
|
Is the placenta secretion regulated by maternal or fetal signs?
|
No--it is autonomous
|
|
|
What cells form the early placents?
|
The syncytiotrophoblast
|
|
|
When does implantation occur?
|
When progesterone is the highest
|
|
|
What hormones are secreted during pregnancy?
|
hCG
Progesterone hCS Estrogens |
|
|
When is hCG the highest during pregnancy?
|
At the beginning until about the 12th week
|
|
|
What are the functions of hCG?
|
Prolong the life of the corpus luteum and to stimulate testosterone production by the fetus
|
|
|
What is responsible for producing the majority of estrogen during pregnancy?
|
The fetal adrenal glands--secreting DHEA which go on to make estrogen
|
|
|
What is essential for breast development during pregnancy?
|
Prolactin
Estrogen Progesterone |
|
|
What are the actions of prolactin?
|
Promote breast development during pregnancy
Promote milk synthesis and secretion |
|
|
How is prolactin inhibited during pregnancy?
|
Estrogens and Progesterones
|
|
|
What inhibits prolactin in non pregnant individuals?
|
Dopamine
|
|
|
What is the most potent release of prolactin after delivery?
|
Suckling
|
|
|
What causes the iniation of lactation?
|
A drop in estrogen and progesterone
Prolactin |
|
|
When the sperm cytosol enters the egg, calcium rises. What does the stimulate?
|
The 2nd meiotic division and the egg releases granules that harden the zona pellucida preventing other sperm from entering
|
|
|
What does the attachment of the blastocyst to the uterine wall require?
|
Progesterone
|
|
|
Is the placenta secretion regulated by maternal or fetal signs?
|
No--it is autonomous
|
|
|
What cells form the early placents?
|
The syncytiotrophoblast
|
|
|
When does implantation occur?
|
When progesterone is the highest
|
|
|
What hormones are secreted during pregnancy?
|
hCG
Progesterone hCS Estrogens |
|
|
When is hCG the highest during pregnancy?
|
At the beginning until about the 12th week
|
|
|
What are the functions of hCG?
|
Prolong the life of the corpus luteum and to stimulate testosterone production by the fetus
|
|
|
What is responsible for producing the majority of estrogen during pregnancy?
|
The fetal adrenal glands--secreting DHEA which go on to make estrogen
|
|
|
What is essential for breast development during pregnancy?
|
Prolactin
Estrogen Progesterone |
|
|
What are the actions of prolactin?
|
Promote breast development during pregnancy
Promote milk synthesis and secretion |
|
|
How is prolactin inhibited during pregnancy?
|
Estrogens and Progesterones
|
|
|
What inhibits prolactin in non pregnant individuals?
|
Dopamine
|
|
|
What is the most potent release of prolactin after delivery?
|
Suckling
|
|
|
What causes the iniation of lactation?
|
A drop in estrogen and progesterone
Prolactin |
|
|
When the sperm cytosol enters the egg, calcium rises. What does the stimulate?
|
The 2nd meiotic division and the egg releases granules that harden the zona pellucida preventing other sperm from entering
|
|
|
What does the attachment of the blastocyst to the uterine wall require?
|
Progesterone
|
|
|
Is the placenta secretion regulated by maternal or fetal signs?
|
No--it is autonomous
|
|
|
What cells form the early placents?
|
The syncytiotrophoblast
|
|
|
When does implantation occur?
|
When progesterone is the highest
|
|
|
What hormones are secreted during pregnancy?
|
hCG
Progesterone hCS Estrogens |
|
|
When is hCG the highest during pregnancy?
|
At the beginning until about the 12th week
|
|
|
What are the functions of hCG?
|
Prolong the life of the corpus luteum and to stimulate testosterone production by the fetus
|
|
|
What is responsible for producing the majority of estrogen during pregnancy?
|
The fetal adrenal glands--secreting DHEA which go on to make estrogen
|
|
|
What is essential for breast development during pregnancy?
|
Prolactin
Estrogen Progesterone |
|
|
What are the actions of prolactin?
|
Promote breast development during pregnancy
Promote milk synthesis and secretion |
|
|
How is prolactin inhibited during pregnancy?
|
Estrogens and Progesterones
|
|
|
What inhibits prolactin in non pregnant individuals?
|
Dopamine
|
|
|
What is the most potent release of prolactin after delivery?
|
Suckling
|
|
|
What causes the iniation of lactation?
|
A drop in estrogen and progesterone
Prolactin |
|
|
What hormone is responsible for milk secretion?
|
Prolactin
|
|
|
What hormone is responsible for milk ejection?
|
Oxytocin
|
|
|
What are the three reflexes mediated by suckling?
|
Milk secretion--PL
Milk ejection--Oxytocin Suppression of GnRH release-PL |
|
|
What cells produce testosterone?
|
Leydig cells
|
|
|
What cells are involved in spermatogenesis?
|
Sertoli cells
|
|
|
What cells does LH stimulate?
|
Leydig cells
|
|
|
What cells does FSH stimulate?
|
Sertoli cells
|
|
|
What is the more potent form of testosterone called?
|
DHT
|
|
|
What breaks down testosterone into DHT?
|
5-alpha-reductase
|
|
|
What binding protein is required for spermatogenesis in the sertoli cells?
|
ABP--androgen binding protein
|
|
|
Via what does FSH elicit a variety of responses in the sertoli cells?
|
cAMP
|
|
|
What is used clinically as markers of Sertoli cell function?
|
ABP
|
|
|
What do Sertoli cells secrete that are important for development of the Wolffian pathway?
|
Anti-mullerian hormone
|
|
|
What does inhibin do in males?
|
Increases testosterone secretion
|
|
|
What does activin do in males?
|
Decreases testosterone secretion
|
|
|
What kind of feedback does inhibin have on GnRH stimulated FSG secretion by the anterior pituitary?
|
Negative feedback
|
|
|
What does spermatogenesis require in adults?
|
Functional Sertoli cells and an intact hypotalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis
|
|
|
How is GnRH realeased?
|
In pulsatile fashion--absolute requirement for a functioning reproductive system
|
|
|
Is LH required for spermatogeneis?
|
Yes, indirectly
|
|
|
What is the regulator of spermatogenesis?
|
Testosterone
|
|
|
How is GnRH activity mediated?
|
Through the IP3 pathway
|
|
|
What does continuous exposure to GnRH do?
|
Suppresses gonadotrop secretory activity
|
|
|
What does inhibin in males inhibit?
|
FSH
|
|
|
Is the erectile response sympathetic or parasympathetic?
|
Parasympathetic
|
|
|
Is the emission and ejaculatory response sympathetic or parasympathetic?
|
Sympathetic
|
|
|
What is primary hypogonadism?
|
Primary testicular failure
|
|
|
What is an example of primary hypogonadism?
|
Klinefelter's Syndrome
|
|
|
What is secondary hypogonadism?
|
Impaired gonadotropin secretion
|
|
|
What is Kallman's syndrome?
|
Gondatropin deficiency caused by deficient production of GnRH--GnRH fail to migrate to the hypothalamus
|
