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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the mechanisms for clearing pollutants?
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Nasopharynx - swallowed
Bronchi - mucociliary system Alveoli - alveolar macrophages |
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Plasma cells in the MALT secrete what immunoglobulin that aids in removal of particles in the airway?
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IgA
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What is the lymphocyte that do not require MCH molecules for Ag recognition and secrete cytokines foundin MALT?
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TCRyδ lymphocytes
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Secrete cytokines and target cells with no or low levels of MHC 1
(founds in MALT) |
NK Cells
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? cells present antigen to T cells found in MALT
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Dendritic Cells
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? rapidly phagocytize particulates and suppress T cell activity thus inhibiting inflammation.
Found in MALT |
Alveolar Macrophages
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? cells in pulmonary capillaries are thought to be important for removal or conversion in the lungs.
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Endothelial Cells
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Describe Acute high Altitude Adjustments.
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Reduced PaO2
=> increase Ve (ventilation) => increase PaO2 decrease PaCO2 => Respiratory Alkalosis => left curve shift in O2 curve (high affinity / promotes loading) => increases Heart Rate => Flow |
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Describe Short-term High Altitude Acclimatization.
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Due to CSF acidosis
=> Increase Ve => increase PaO2 decrease PaCO2 => increase 2,3 DPG production ---causes right shift of O2 curve |
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What is the renal response to High Altitude?
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Decrease acid secretion
--> due to METABOLIC compensation for RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS => loss of HCO3 causes OSMOTIC DIURESIS => reduced CSF and blood pH mitigates respiratory alkalosis |
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Describe Long-term acclimatization to High Altitude.
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increase HYPOXIA-INDUCIBLE FACTOR 1 (HIF-1)
=> Erythropoietin --> increase HEMATOCRIT => increase Blood volume and pulmonary capillary surface area ---> INCREASED PULMONARY DIFFUSION CAPACITY |
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True or False
During long-term acclimatization to high altitude there is an increase in Oxidative Enzymes which enhance mitochondrial function. |
True
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What is most likely seen in a person who has lived at high altitudes for a long time and then returned to sea level?
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decreased Ve
Respiratory Acidosis loss of polycythemia potential increase in VO2max |
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True or False
When diving, the deeper you go, the smaller your lungs become. |
True
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Describe Breath-hold diving and shallow water blackout mechanisms.
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Dive
-PCO2 and Po2 gradient is from the lung to the blood Ascent -Co2 and O2 move into the interstitial space and re-inflate the lung reduced PO2 in the blood causes blackout |
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Describe Exercise and respiratory control mechanisms.
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initially Increase in Ve is disproportionate to exercise level
=> response exceeds peripheral and central regulatory pathways during sustained exercise => Ve is proportional to VO2 (work rate) |
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During exercise and respiratory control, contracting muscles increase venous ? and decrease ? and ?
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increase venous PCO2
decrease pH and O2 |
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True or False
During exercise Arterial CO2 does not change much and may fall during strenuous exercise. |
True
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True or False
The drop in pH is due to lactic acid production during exercise. |
True
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Activation of peripheral receptors elicits a central command to increase....?
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Ventilation
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Central chemoreceptors may act to maintain ? by a servomechanism that causes changing in the set-point for activation of Ve.
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maintain ARTERIAL CO2
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Describe what happens in aging and respiratory function.
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atrophy of Type IIa fibers
Lung volume and FEV decrease collapse of small airways increased lung COMPLIANCE impaired Ve Ve/Q mismatch reduced PaO2 |
