Physiology 34: Resistance Of The Body To Infection Ii

Front 1

What is innate immunity?

Back 1

general, non-specific forces to protect infection (skin, stomach acid, complement)

Front 2

Humoral immunity is mediated by which lymphocytes?

Back 2

B cells

Front 3

Cellular immunity is mediated by which lymphocytes?

Back 3

T cells

Front 4

Initiator for "acquired" immune response

Back 4

antigen

Front 5

3 major types of lymphocytes

Back 5

T, B, NK cells

Front 6

B cells mature where?

Back 6

bone marrow (bursa of Fabricius)

Front 7

T cells mature where?

Back 7

thymus

Front 8

What happens to a T cell in the thymus that recognizes self antigens?

Back 8

apoptosis/death receptor

Front 9

Antibodies are made by what cells?

Back 9

B cells (plasma cells also)

Front 10

How do lymphocyte clones work?

Back 10

there are millions of different types of B cells scattered in the body. when an antigen specific binds to 1 B cell that is specific for that antigen, those specific B cells proliferate and produce specific antibodies to that antigen

Front 11

IL-1 has what effect on lymphocytes?

Back 11

stimulate proliferation

Front 12

What is the role of T cells in B cell activation?

Back 12

helper T cells (activated by the same antigen) activate the B cells

Front 13

Once a B cell is activated, what does it do?

Back 13

becomes a lymphoblast and proliferates or can become a plasmablast (plasma cell precursor) to produces antibodies (once its a full plasma cell)

Front 14

How do memory cells form?

Back 14

once an immune response has ben activated against a specific antigen, the many newly proliferated B cells (specific for this antigen) are already in the system to prevent the antigen from invading again by mobilizing an immune response WAY more rapidly

Front 15

What is the variable portion of the immunoglobin?

Back 15

light chains, specific for antigens

Front 16

How are light and heavy chains held together?

Back 16

covalent disulfide bond

Front 17

2 main functions of antibodies

Back 17

direct attack on invader + activate complement system

Front 18

How does an antibody attack an invader?

Back 18

agglutination (clump antigenic bacteria), precipitation (antibodies bind and clump is insoluble), neutralize (antibodies cover whole antigenic surface), lysis (attack membrane)

Front 19

Which part of the complement cascade opsonizes bacteria?

Back 19

C3b

Front 20

Which part of the complement cascade activates mast cells and basophils?

Back 20

C3a and C5a

Front 21

Which part of the complement cascade activates WBC chemotaxis?

Back 21

C5a

Front 22

Major opsonization component of the complement cascade?

Back 22

C3b

Front 23

Major membrane lysis component of the complement cascade?

Back 23

C5b6789

Front 24

What is the difference between T memory cells and B memory cells?

Back 24

B memory cells create high levels of specific antibodies that circulate, while T memory cells themselves stay in the blood to elicit an immune response quickly to a subsequent infection

Front 25

MHC1 presents to which T cell?

Back 25

MHC1 presents to CD8+ T cells (cytotoxic)

Front 26

MHC2 presents to which T cell?

Back 26

MHC2 presents to CD4+ T cells (helper)

Front 27

What are MHC proteins?

Back 27

antigen binding proteins on the antigen presenting cells

Front 28

AIDS affects which type of T cells?

Back 28

CD4+ helper T cells

Front 29

IL-2 has a strong stimulatory effect on proliferation of which T cells?

Back 29

cytotoxic and suppressor T

Front 30

IL-2 has what type of feedback on helper T cell proliferation?

Back 30

positive feedback; more is released as the immune response grows

Front 31

Mechanism of cytotoxic T cell killing

Back 31

bind to cells containing the toxic antigen, secrete perforins that damage toxic cell's membrane, fluid swells and lyses cell

Front 32

Problems during what stage of T/B cell development are responsible for most autoimmune diseases?

Back 32

pre-processing; inability to kill immune cells that recognize self antigens = autoimmune disorder likely

Front 33

How do vaccinations work?

Back 33

injecting dead organisms (that cannot cause disease) into the blood. even though they are dead, they still have antigens that the body recognizes and mounts an immune response to. the memory cells are now in place to prevent this in the future

Front 34

What is passive immunity?

Back 34

transfusion of another patients blood (containing antibodies or T cells against the antigen)

Front 35

Allergy is type ___ hypersensitivity.

Back 35

type 1

Front 36

Allergy is mediated by which immunoglobin.

Back 36

IgE

Front 37

Allergins are antigens that bind to ...

Back 37

IgE

Front 38

Once an allergen binds IgE, what happens?

Back 38

IgE binds mast cells and the mast cells release histamine, SRS-A, heparin etc.

Front 39

What is anaphylaxis?

Back 39

widespread allergic reaction in vascular compartment; vasodilation and increased capillary permeability,

Front 40

Leukotrienes lead to what allergic response

Back 40

bronchospasm