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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the cardiac cycle?
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Sequence of electrical and mechanical events that repeats with each heartbeat.
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In the very beginning of the Ventricular Systole, the ventricular volume is?
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Isovolumetric
volume stays the same |
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Describe the Ventricular Systole.
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Ventricular Systole
Rapid Ejection of Blood Reduced Ejection Phase |
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What is used to signify the start of SYSTOLE
a.k.a. Contraction phase of the cardiac cycle |
Peak of the R Wave
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During Isovolumetric contraction phase, the ventricular pressure will exceed the ? causing the ? to close. This is where S1 can be auscultated.
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Left Atrial Pressure
Mitral valves close |
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True or False
The closure of mitral valves DO NOT produce sound but cause vibrations resulting from sudden tension in the AV valves and adjacent ventricular walls. |
True
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When does the Rapid Ejection Phase of the Ventricular Systole begin?
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Aortic Valves Open
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Describe the Rapid Ejection Phase in Ventricular Systole.
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Aortic Valves open => Aortic pressure rises as blood flows into aorta => ventricular volume decreases
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What is Stroke Volume?
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blood flow into aorta PER beat
stroke volume = EDV - ESV EDV= ventricular end-diastolic volume ESV= ventricular end-systolic volume |
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What is the Ejection Fraction?
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ratio of STROKE VOLUME to EDV
used as an INDEX OF CONTRACTILITY normal = 60% - 80% |
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Describe Reduced Ejection Phase of the ventricular systolic.
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Ventricular pressure drops after Rapid Ejection phase
=> Aortic Pressure exceeds left ventricular pressure => Aortic Valves DO NOT immediately close due to kinetic energy! => Aortic Elastic Recoil occurs =>aortic pressure declines =>left atrium pressure rises due to blood flow from lungs |
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What is Aortic Elastic Recoil?
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runoff of blood from the Aorta to the peripheral circulation.
occurs during Reduced Ejection Phase |
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What is the volume left in the ventricle after systole called?
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End Systolic Volume (ESV)
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Describe Ventricular Diastole.
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Isovolumetric Relaxation
Rapid Ventricular Filling Reduced Ventricular Filling |
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What happens during Ventricular Isovolumetric Relaxation phase in Ventricular Diastole?
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decrease blood flow across aortic valve
aortic elastic recoil causes NEGATIVE FLOW / RETROGRADE causing AORTIC VALVE CLOSURE Left Ventricle pressure falls rapidly due to mitral and aortic valves closed |
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What defines the onset of diastole?
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Aortic valve CLOSURE
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When can the S2 (second heart sound) be heard?
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Aortic Valve closing during Ventricular Isovolumetric Relaxation
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Closure of the aortic valve results in a brief forward flow in the aorta. What does this appear as on the aortic pressure waveform?
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Dichortic Notch
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What defines a time period when both mitral and aortic valves are closed and no blood can enter the Left Ventricle
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Isovolumetric Relaxation
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What phase is known as the early diastole?
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Rapid Ventricular Filling phase
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Describe the Rapid Ventricular Filling Phase.
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Ventricular pressure falls below Atrial ressure
Mitral Valve opens Blood enters ventricles causing increase of pressure atrial pressure = ventricular pressure pulmonic and aortic valves are closed |
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When does the Atrial pressure = Ventricular pressure?
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Rapid Ventricular Filling PHase
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Describe the Reduced ventricular filling phase (Diastasis period)
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small volume of blood flows from Atria to Ventricle (mitral valve still open)
ventricular volume reaches plateau INCREASE pressure in left atrium and left ventricle due to PULMONARY VEINS P wave occurs Atrial Contraction |
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What causes the blood to enter the ventricle during Reduced Ventricular Filling Phase?
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Atrial Contraction (Atrial kick)
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If a patient has Atrial Fibrillation, what will happen?
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Decrease of Ventricular Volume
=> leads to DECREASE Cardiac Output |
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What is the term used to describe the left ventricular volume at the end of atrial contraction?
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End-Diastolic Volume (EDV)
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What is the term used to describe the pressure in the vetnricles at the end of diastole?
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Left Ventricular End-Diastolic Pressure (LVEDP)
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True or False
Left ventricle pressure should increase significantly after ventricular filling. |
FALSE
there should be NO significant increase! |
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When does Isovolumetric relaxation begin
When does Isovolumetric contraction begin? |
When the aortic valve closes
When the mitral valve closes |
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What is the major difference between the left and right heart in relation to mechanisms.
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Magnitude of Peak SSystolic Pressure
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What are the events that are seen as peaks in the Jugular Venous Pulse?
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A wave - contraction of right atrium
C wave - bulging of tricuspid valve into right atrium as right ventricular pressure increases during SYSTOLE V wave - filling of the right atrium against a closed tricuspid valve which causes right atrial pressure to RISE |
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What is the term used to describe the volume of blood ejected by one ventricle in one minute?
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Cardiac Output
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Give the equation for Cardiac Output
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CO = Heart Rate x Stroke Volume
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What is Fick's Principle?
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Abs. O2 = change in O2 x bloodflow
Rate at which circulation absorbs OXYGEN from the LUNGS must equal the change in OXYGEN CONCENTRATION in the PULMONARY BLOOD multipled by the PULMONARY BLOOD FLOW |
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What is the equation for finding the amount of O2 carried into the lungs in venous blood per minute?
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O2 in venouse blood = Q x C(v)
Q = blood flow C(v) = venous [O2] |
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What is the equation that defines the amount of O2 taken up by the blood as it passes through the lungs?
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O2 uptake = Q [C(a)] - Q [C(v)]
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REMEMBER
Q = V(O2) / [C(a) - C(v)] |
REMEMBER
Q = V(O2) / [C(a) - C(v)] |
