Physiology 2

Front 1

T or F: Ach can be either excitatory or inhibitory

Back 1

T, it is dependent upon the cell it acts upon

Front 2

Acetylcholine's synthetic reaction occur in the _______ ____ _____ and is catalyzed by the enzyme ___________.

Back 2

synaptic end bulb, choline acetyltransferase: acetyle CoA + choline = acetylcholine + CoA

Front 3

Degradation of Ach occurs via the enzyme:

Back 3

acetylcholinesterase: acetylcholine = acetate + choline

Front 4

T or F: choline can be re-uptaked back into synaptic terminals to synthesize new Ach

Back 4

T

Front 5

Ach is released in three areas:

Back 5

1) somatic efferent neurons that stimulate skeletal muscles. 2) some visceral efferent neurons of ANS (particularly parasympathetic branch). 3) numerous neurons in CNS

Front 6

Ach binds to:

Back 6

cholinergic receptors

Front 7

The two types of cholinergic receptors:

Back 7

nicotinic receptors and muscarinic receptors

Front 8

These receptors are located in cardiac muscle cells, smooth muscles, and glands

Back 8

muscarinic receptors

Front 9

These receptros are found on skeletal muscle cells and neurons

Back 9

Nicotinic receptors

Front 10

How many subtypes of muscarinic receptors and how many nicotinic?

Back 10

Muscarinic: 5 (M1 - M5), Nicotinic: 1

Front 11

What are the two types of biogenic amines?

Back 11

catecholemines and indolamines

Front 12

Catecholamines include (3):

Back 12

norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (Epi), and Dopamine (DA)

Front 13

Norepi and epi are found in _______ and ________ and can be either _______ or ________(especially in sympathetic branch of ANS)

Back 13

CNS, PNS, excitatory, inhibitory

Front 14

Dopamine is found predominately in the _______ (particularly the _________ _________) and can be _________ or __________.

Back 14

CNS, substantia nigra, excitatory, inhibitory

Front 15

All catecholamines are degraded by the enzymes _______ and __________ or can be reuptaked intact into synaptic end bulbs.

Back 15

monoamine oxidase (MAO) and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT)

Front 16

Norepi and epi bind to ________ receptors, of which there are two types: _________ and __________.

Back 16

adrenergic, alpha and beta

Front 17

Dopamine binds to one of ________ different types of __________ receptors.

Back 17

5, dopaminergic

Front 18

Indolamines are one of the groups of ________ and include ________ and __________.

Back 18

biogenic amines, serotonin (5-HT or 5-hydroxytryptophan), histamine

Front 19

What are the two major inhibitory amino acid neurotransmitters?

Back 19

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) and Glycine

Front 20

GABA is found mainly in the:

Back 20

neurons of the brain

Front 21

Glycine is found predominately in the:

Back 21

brainstem and spinal cord

Front 22

What are the two major excitatory amino acid neurotransmitters found mainly in the brain?

Back 22

Glutamate and Aspartate

Front 23

What neurotransmitters have analgesic properties "endogenous opiates" when bound to opioid receptors?

Back 23

The endorphins (beta-endorphin, dynorphin) and enkephalins (metenkephalin, leu-enkephalin), substance P

Front 24

What are some of the major factors that can alter synaptic transmission?

Back 24

pH, hypoxia, drugs

Front 25

Inceases neurotransmitter release:

Back 25

Diazepam (Valium) : sedative/anti-anxiety agent, works by increasing the release of GABA in neurons of brain

Front 26

Blocks Neurotransmitter Release:

Back 26

Botulinum Toxin: produced by clostridium botulinum bacteria, inhibits the release of Ach at NM junctions

Front 27

Inhibits Neurotransmitter Synthesis:

Back 27

Sinemet(Carbidopa/Levodopa): used for Parkinson's, L-dopa is converted into dopamine by dopa decarboxylase and Sinemet prevents peripheral conversion by inhibiting enzyme. L-dopa can cross BBB and be converted in brain.

Front 28

Inhibiting Neurotransmitter Re-Uptake:

Back 28

Fluoxetine (Prozac): anti-depressant, decreases re-uptake of serotonin in the brain

Front 29

Inhibits Neurotransmitter Degradation:

Back 29

Phenelzine (Nardil): anti-depressant, MAO inhibitor. Physostigmine/Neostigmine: used for treatment of myasthenia gravis and inhibits acetylcholinesterase. (MG blocks Ach receptors)

Front 30

Acts as a Receptor Antagonist:

Back 30

Homatropine (Homatrin): topical solution for the eyes that induces pupil dilation by blocking Ach receptors which blocks contraction of circular muscles that stimulate pupil constriction i.e. - induces their relaxation

Front 31

Acts as a Receptor Agonist:

Back 31

Morphine/Codeine: used as analgesics and bind to endorphin receptors in the brain (i.e.: endorphin receptor agonists)
Albuterol: beta2 agonist for bronchial smooth muscle and acts as bronchodilator

Front 32

Action potentials carry info in regards to (3):

Back 32

kind of stimulus, location, and intensity of stimulus

Front 33

Receptor potentials occur in the "________" of a sequence. The dendrites of various receptors are rich in _______ ________ channels, which open and close based on specific stimuli.

Back 33

1st neuron, modality gated

Front 34

Action potentials follow all or none principle, but ________ __________ do not.

Back 34

receptor potentials