Physiology 1/2 Homeostasis And Membrane Transport

Front 1

What are the 3 things that are needed for a homeostatic control?

Back 1

Detect
Integrate
Restore

Front 2

How do negative feedback systems work?

Back 2

1) A sensor indicates when a control variable is outside of norm.
2) an integrator compares sensor input to set point
3) an effector responds accordingly to return to set point

Front 3

How do positive feed back systems work?

Back 3

These amplify an initial change, and move away from a set point value

Front 4

where is most of total body water contained?

Back 4

in intracellular fluid

Front 5

what does amphipathic mean?

Back 5

this is a molecule with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic portions

Front 6

what are the two types of forces used to transport molecules across the plasma membrane

Back 6

passive forces
and active forces

Front 7

What is Osmosis?

Back 7

this is the net diffusion or movement of water down its concentration gradient.
Water moves to area of HIGHER solute concentration

Front 8

what channels are used by water to cross the plasma membrane?

Back 8

aquaporins

Front 9

what is the driving force to move water across the PM?

Back 9

the concentration gradient of solutes

Front 10

When a membrane is semi permeable, what can pass through it?

Back 10

only water, not solute

Front 11

What does Fick's Law state?

Back 11

this states that if a solute cannot move, water must move to maintain equal concentration of both sides of the membrane

Front 12

What is osmotic pressure?

Back 12

this is the force (usually hydrostatic) that is exerted opposite an osmotic force to balance it.
(IE semi permeable membrane with pure H2O on one side will flow to solute side till hydrostatic/osmotic pressures are equal)

Front 13

Define Osmotic Pressure

Back 13

This results from the difference in water concentration

Front 14

Define Hydrostatic pressure

Back 14

this results from the gravitational force on a column of fluid

Front 15

Does hydrostatic pressure provide a significant driving force in cells?

Back 15

No it does not

Front 16

What is osmolarity?

Back 16

# Osmoles/ Liters Solution

Front 17

what is the "standard" osmolarity in a cell?

Back 17

290 milliosmoles/ L

Front 18

How is osmolarity calculated?

Back 18

Osmolarity= ( # osmoles/ mole solute) * (number of moles of solute/ Liter)
IE
1 Mole CaCl2 in 1 liter = 3 osmolar solution. As it breaks into 3 Individual molecules

Front 19

When talking about effective osmolarity, what are the only types of particles considered?

Back 19

Non-permeable particles

Front 20

What is Tonicity?

Back 20

This is the overall effect that a solution has on cell volume, which determines if a cell's size changes, based upon what kind of solution surrounds the cell.

Front 21

What happens when a cell is placed in an isotonic solution?

Back 21

nothing

Front 22

what happens when a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution?

Back 22

it will swell or maybe burst

Front 23

what happens when a cell is placed in hypertonic solution?

Back 23

it tends to shrink due to water loss

Front 24

How do cells respond to being placed in a hypotonic solution? (cell swelling)

Back 24

This will cause H20 to rush in to a cell, so to lower the level of solutes in a cell, it will pump OUT Cl- and K+, returning cell volume to normal

Front 25

How to cells respond to being placed in a hypertonic solution?

Back 25

This will cause H20 to rush out, the cell response by pumping Na+ in, H+ out. The loss of H+ raises the PH of the cell, activates a Cl-/HCO3- exchanger. This influx of Na+ and Cl- draws water back in

Front 26

What type of motion drives diffusion?

Back 26

Brownian motion

Front 27

Where does the Quadratus Lumborum run?

Back 27

This runs from the iliac crest to the 12th rib...lateral to the psoas major

Front 28

Where does the Iliacus run?

Back 28

this lies in the internal surface of the pelvis, running from the iliac crest to the femur

Front 29

What forms the esophageal hiatus? what level is it at?

Back 29

the right crus of the diaphragm forms the esophageal hiatus, @ T10

Front 30

What does the Median Arcuate Ligament form?

Back 30

this forms the anterior border of the aortic hiatus (T12)

Front 31

What does the Medial Arcuate Ligament cross?

Back 31

this crosses the Psoas major

Front 32

What does the Lateral Arcuate Ligament cross?

Back 32

this crosses the Quadratus Lumborum

Front 33

What does the Posterior and Middle layers of the Thoracolumbar fascia contain?

Back 33

the erector spinae group

Front 34

what do the middle and anterior layers of the thoracolumbar fascia contain?

Back 34

the quadratus lumborum muscle
(also deals with the lateral arcuate ligament)

Front 35

What does the psoas fascia contact?

Back 35

the thoracolumbar and renal fasica, also makes the medial arcuate ligament

Front 36

What are the 3 unpaired branches of the abdominal aorta, and there vertebral levels?

Back 36

Celiac Trunk - T12
SMA- L1
IMA- L3

Front 37

What are the paired arteries of the abdominal aorta?

Back 37

Renal arteries L1 (right posterior to IVC)
Supra renal arteries L1
Gonadal L2
Inferior Phrenic T12 (diaphragm)
Subcostal (T12, enters at L2)
Lumbar (L1-L4)

Front 38

Where do lymphatics from pelvis and lower extremity drain to?

Back 38

These drain to the external and internal iliac nodes.

Front 39

What collects lymph from the posterior abdominal wall?

Back 39

the Right and Left Lumbar Nodes

Front 40

what type of peritoneal are the kidneys?

Back 40

retroperitoneal

Front 41

What levels are the kidneys located? what is their relationship to eachother?

Back 41

T12-L3, and the right kidney is more inferior

Front 42

What is the level of the left renal hilum, and what is the Anterior/ Posterior order of the vessels leading to the hilum?

Back 42

It lies at L1
Renal Vein,
Renal Artery
Renal Pelvis

Front 43

What does the right renal artery cross?

Back 43

it crosses behind the IVC

Front 44

What does the left renal vein cross?

Back 44

this crosses between the aorta and the SMA, it collects the left gonadal/ left suprarenal veins

Front 45

what are the 3 constrictions of the Ureter?

Back 45

the renal pelivs
The pelvic brim
and the bladder

Front 46

where does kidney stone pain manifest?

Back 46

this is 'loin to groin pain' that runs alow the path from the kidney to bladder, following the ureter

Front 47

where are transplanted kidneys placed, and what are they ligated to?

Back 47

they are placed in the iliac fossa, and attached to the external iliac vessels

Front 48

where does the kidneys lymph drain to?

Back 48

the lumbar nodes

Front 49

where do the suprarenal glands lymph drain to?

Back 49

to the lumbar nodes

Front 50

where does the ureters lymph drain to?

Back 50

this drains to mainly the lumbar nodes, and some to common, external, and internal iliac nodes