Physiology 1

Front 1

two subdivisions of extracellular fluid

Back 1

plasma and interstitial fluid

Front 2

what is the order of highest total body water

Back 2

Intracellular 40%,67%, interstitial 15%,26%, plasma 5%,7% (Body weight,total body water)

Front 3

a third, usually minor, subdivision of extracellular compartment?

Back 3

transcellular compartment

Front 4

includes: CSF, pericardial fluid, pleural fluid, synovial fluid, peritoneal fluid

Back 4

trancellular compartment ; "third space" contains less than 1% of ECF

Front 5

a condition where large amounts of fluid are sequestered in peritoneal cavity

Back 5

ascites; the term "third-spacing" is used

Front 6

A "fourth" subdivision of ECF

Back 6

lymph

Front 7

plasma is seperated from interstitial fluid by

Back 7

capillary membranes

Front 8

interstitial fluid is seperated from intracellular fluid by

Back 8

cell (plasma) membranes

Front 9

the primary distinction between plasma and interstitial fluid is that:

Back 9

protein concentration of interstitial fluid is approximately 1/2 that of plasma

Front 10

what has higher water and solute permeability: cell membranes or capillary membrane

Back 10

capillary membrane has higher permeability

Front 11

osmotic pressure depends on the ------- of solute particles in solution, regardless of kind

Back 11

number

Front 12

osmotic pressure is that pressure that must be:

Back 12

applied to the solution in order to prevent the net movement of water from pure water into the solution

Front 13

Osmotic pressure formula

Back 13

Van't Hoff equaltion: pi = CRT

Front 14

volume flow will increase in response to increases in(3):

Back 14

hydraulic conductivity (measure of membrane's permeability to water), surface area, and osmotic pressure difference

Front 15

which membranes can support differences in hydrostatic pressure and which cannot?

Back 15

cell membranes cannot and capillary membranes can.

Front 16

movement of water and solute due to an applied pressure

Back 16

filtration or ultrafiltration

Front 17

the energy source for osmosis

Back 17

osmotic pressure and/or hydrostatic pressure

Front 18

the energy source for diffusion

Back 18

the energy stored in solute concentration difference/gradient = chemical potential energy difference

Front 19

three principal ways the opening and closing of gates are controlled

Back 19

voltage gating, chemical (ligand) gating, and modality gating

Front 20

a primary determinant of membrane permeability

Back 20

the solute's lipid solubility

Front 21

biological membranes tend to exclude what two compounds?

Back 21

hydrophilic and charged compounds

Front 22

examples of passive transport: and they require energy stored in a -----?

Back 22

simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, ultrafiltration
- gradient

Front 23

three forms of active transport:

Back 23

primary active, secondary active, "bulk" transport

Front 24

primary active transport example:

Back 24

Na/K pump

Front 25

two examples of secondary active transport that uses "second hand" energy stored in form of concentration gradient of one substance

Back 25

1) co-transport (symport): of glucose with Na from ECF and into ICF of kidney cells, glucose get a "free ride" and

2) counter-transport (antiport) one moves in and one moves out

Front 26

active transport: "bulk" transport examples

Back 26

endocytosis: phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis, exocytosis

Front 27

an abnormal or harsh sound caused by turbulent blood flow

Back 27

a bruit

Front 28

used to evaluate pressure sensation of diabetic foot

Back 28

monofilament

Front 29

when hydrostatic pressure is greater than osmotic pressure

Back 29

filtration

Front 30

three major types of plasma proteins

Back 30

albumin, globulin, fibrinogen

Front 31

where are majority of plasma proteins made?

Back 31

liver

Front 32

three ways to diagnose diabetes:

Back 32

1)diabetes symptoms plus casual glucose test >=200.
2)FPG >=126.
3)2hr postload glucose >=200 during OGTT (75g)

Front 33

classic symptoms of diabetes

Back 33

polyuria, polydipsia, unexplained weight loss

Front 34

used for gestational diabetes

Back 34

OGTT - oral glucose tolerance test

Front 35

A chemical waste product generated from muscle metabolism. What is it produced from?

Back 35

Creatinine is waste product removed by kidneys. It is produced from creatine. About 2% of body's creatine is converted to creatinine.

Front 36

amino acid degradation occurs in the _____ and starts with a process called ________

Back 36

liver, deamination

Front 37

deamination requires what set of enzymes?

Back 37

aminotransferase or transaminase:
aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT)

Front 38

what are the dual purposes of AST and ALT?

Back 38

deamination of amino acids in liver and synthesize nonessential amino acids in liver hepatocytes

Front 39

elevated AST (aspartate transaminase) and ALT (alanine transaminase) can indicate:

Back 39

liver damage

Front 40

Ultimately, the amine groups cleaved from the _________ are converted into ______(NH3) or ammonium ions (NH4+), which are then converted into _____.
The _______ are responsible for filtering the urea out of the blood.

Back 40

amino acids, ammonia, urea, kidneys

Front 41

Normal BUN has a range of 5-26 mg/dL in the adult. Elevated BUN can also occur with:

Back 41

1) impaired renal function 2) increased protein intake or catabolism 3) dehydration

Front 42

In humans, ________ ________ is present in all tissues throughout the entire body, but is particularly concentrated in liver, bile duct, kidney, bone, and the placenta.

Back 42

Alkaline Phosphatase (AP)responsible for removing phosphate groups from many types of molecules, including nucleotides, proteins, and alkaloids

Front 43

___________ is a waste product generated from the breakdown of heme by macrophages in the liver, spleen and bone marrow.

Back 43

Bilirubin

Front 44

what happens to degraded hemoglobin

Back 44

globin > hydrolyzed to free amino acids. Heme broken into iron and bilirubin. Iron is either stored, reused, or lost from bleeding. Biliverdin > Bilirubin > bile > feces

Front 45

excess RBC breakdown:

Back 45

hemolysis and results in high levels of hemoglobin in blood

Front 46

Normal range for hemoglobin A1c:
(glycated or glycosylated hemoglobin)

Back 46

For diabetics they should be below 7%. Normal population 4 - 6%. Dramatically reduces their risk levels for diabetic complications. ADA recommends diabetics should be seen every 3 months

Front 47

recommended for obese DMII

Back 47

Metformin (Glucophage). enhances uptake of glucose

Front 48

Angiotensinogen comes from ________? Renin comes from ______?
ACE comes from _______?
Aldosterone comes from _____?

Back 48

Liver, Kidney, Pulmonary circulation, adrenal cortex of kidney

Front 49

BP drug of chose for diabetics?

Back 49

ACE inhibitors

Front 50

Cholesterol: endogenous and exogenous. _____________ is key component in cholesterol synthesis. Statins block production of ___________. Blocks endogenous cholesterol production. Work best with lifestyle modification.

Back 50

HMG-CoA reductase, HMG-CoA reductase