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104 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What is the normal extracellular concentration of Na? Intracellular?
145 mM, 15 mM
What is the normal extracellular concentration of K? Intracellular?
4.5 mM, 155 mM
Is the concentration of Cl- higher inside or outside of the cell?
inside
Fick's Law
the rate of diffusion directly depends on the concentration gradient, the surface area of the membrane, and the permeability of the substance, it is inversely related to the molecular weight of the substance, and the thickness of the membrane
osmotic pressure
opposing pressure necessary to stop osmosis, increases as the osmolarity increases
osmolarity
# osmoles / L solution
= osmoles x concentration
effective osmolarity
takes into account only particles which are impermeable
cardiac glycosides
inhibit Na-K-ATPase by preventing dephosphorylation, ex. oubain and digitalis, causes decreased intracellular K+ concentration, increased Na+, and cell swelling
What is secondary active transport? Co-transport? Counter-transport?
exploits Na+ concentration gradient created by Na-K-ATPase
co-transport: flows same direction as Na+
counter-transport: flows opposite direction
What fraction of total body water is ECF? ICF? What fraction of the ECF is plasma? Interstitial fluid?
1/3 ECF, 2/3 ICF
1/4 plasma, 3/4 interstitial
What is the 60-40-20 rule?
60% of body weight is water, 40% is intracellular, 20% is extracellular
total body water
TBW = 0.7LBM + 0.1AT
What are the major ions in the intracellular fluid?
K+>>Na+, PO3-, protein anions, other
What are the major ions in the extracellular fluid and plasma?
Na+>>K+, HCO3-, Cl-, other, proteins (plasma)
plasma osmolarity equation
plasma osmolarity= 2Na + glucose/18 + BUN/2.8
Sydrome of Innappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion (SIADH)
ADH, normally secreted in response to high plasma osmolarity, is secreted in excess, leading to excess water reabsorption
Are the following substances hypoosmotic, isotonic, or hyperosmotic to plasma? Diarrhea, sweat, isotonic glucose solution
diarrhea: isotonic
sweat: hypotonic
isotonic glucose: hypoosmotic
Aldosterone
promotes Na+ reabsorption, insufficiency leads to excess secretion of NaCl in urine
Nerst Equation
E = (60/Z) log ([ion in]/[ion out])
What is the equilibrium potential of K+? Na+?
K+ = -90 mV
Na+ = +65 mV
membrane potential equation
Em= (gkEk +gNaEna)/ (gk + gNa)
What factors does conductance depend on?
number of channels, probability that a channel is open, conductance of channel
Which channels generate graded potentials? Action? Resting?
graded: ligand, mechanosensitive
action: voltage
resting: background
What neurotransmitters are excitatory? What sort of channels do they open?
glutamate, aspartate, mixed-cation (inward Na+ surge, small outward K+)
What neurotransmitters are inhibitory? What sort of channels do they open?
glycine, GABA, K+ outward or Cl- inward
Grand Postsynaptic Potential
composite of all EPSPs and IPSPs occurring at the same time
tetrodotoxin and lidocaine
inhibit voltage-gated Na+ channels, preventing action potentials
primary hyperkalemic paralysis
elevated plasma K+ levels causes depolarization of muscles cells, initially spontaneous action potentials occur, then Na+ channels begin to accomodate, unable to fire action potential, resulting in paralysis
accomodation
prolonged depolarization of a cell leads to inactivation of Na+ channels. not enough channels available to initiate action potential
What cells form myelin?
oligodendrocytes (CNS), Schwann cells (PNS)
Multiple Sclerosis
autoimmune disease that results in demyelination
increase in free calcium
decreased plasma calcium, acidemia, hyperparathyroidism
reduced neuron excitability
decrease in free calcium
increased plasma calcium, alkalemia, hypoparathyroidism, increased neuron excitability
Lambert-Eaton Sydrome
autoimmune disorder in which voltage gated Ca2+ channels are attacked, reduction in ability to reduce neurotransmitters, often associated with certain types of cancer
tyrosine derivatives
norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine
in what vessicles are neuropeptides packaged?
large dense-core vessicles
Which organs are only innervated by the parasympathetic nervous system?
sweat glands, peripheral blood vessels, hair follicles, brown adipose tissue, adrenal medulla, kidney
What neurotransmitter do parasympathetic post-ganglionic neurons release? To what receptors?
acetylcholine, muscarinic
What neurotransmitter do sympathetic post-ganglionic neurons release? To what receptors?
norepinephrine, adrenergic
(exception: release ACh to sweat glands and some skeletal muscle blood vessels)
What hormones does the adrenal medulla secrete?
20% norepinephrine, 80% epinephrine, dopamine (catecholamines)
Where do parasympathetic cell bodies originate?
nuclei of brain stem, S2-4
Where do sympathetic cell bodies originate?
lateral spinal cord T1-L3
What receptors receive neurotransmitters from preganglionic neurons? (sympathetic and parasympathetic)
nicotinic
choline acetyl transferase
catalyzes synthesis of ACh from choline and acetylCoA
acetylcholinesterase
breaks down ACh in synaptic cleft
synthesis of norepinephrine
tyrosine --> DOPA --> dopamine --> norepinephrine --> epinephrine
How is norepinephrine removed through pre-synaptic cells?
uptake through uptake-1(inhibited by cocaine and tricyclic antidepressants) and degraded by monoamine oxidase (MAO)
How is norepinephrine removed through post-synaptic cells?
uptakes through uptake-2 (not sensitive to cocaine) and degraded by COMT
Which receptors' signal pathways involve formation of IP3 and DAG and increasing intracellular Ca?
M1, M3, a1
Which receptors' signal pathways involve inhibition of adenylate cyclase?
M2 (+ opening of K+ channels), a2, D2,3,4
Which receptors' signal pathways involve stimulation of adenylate cyclase?
B1, B2, D1, D5
Which receptor's signal pathway involve stimulation of NO?
B3
Where are M1 receptors found?
CNS neurons, some presynaptic sites
Where are M2 receptors found?
myocardium, smooth muscle, some presynaptic sites
Where are M3 receptors found?
exocrine glands, smooth muscle, endothelium
Where are a1 receptors found?
smooth muscle
Where are a2 receptors found?
smooth muscle, presynaptic sites, platelets
Where are B1 receptors found?
myocardium, adipocytes, juxtaglomerular cells
Where are B2 receptors found?
myocardium, smooth muscle
Where are B3 receptors found?
myocardium, adipocytes
Where are D1,5 receptors found?
brain, smooth muscle of renal vascular bed
Where are D2,3,4 receptors found?
brain
What receptors are found in smooth muscle?
M2, M3, a1, a2, B2
What receptors are found in myocardium?
B1-3, M2
What receptors are found in presynaptic sites?
M1, M2, a2
synaptobrevin
synaptic vessicle protein
synaptotagmin
calcium sensor
syntaxin and SNAP 25
plasmalemma associated proteins
miniature end plate potential
change in voltage due to the action of one vessicle (quantum=10,000) of ACh
margin of safety
difference between threshold and EPP
tubocurarine (curare)
competitive antagonist of ACh, prevents muscle movement during surgery
succinylcholine
depolarizes the sarcolemma of a muscle fiber, induces short term paralysis, mimics ACh but is degraded more slowly
botulism toxin
degrades SNARE proteins, preventing fusion of synaptic vessicles
anticholinesterase poisoning
inhibits acetylcholinesterase leading to accumulation of ACh in synaptic cleft, initially muscle fasciculations then paralysis due to receptor desensitization
Myasthenia Gravis
circulating antibodies block ACh receptors, decreasing the margin of safety, resulting in some motor units failing to reach threshold
neostigmine
reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, prolongs action of ACh, used to treat myasthenia gravis
What receptor involved in contraction is on the sarcolemma? The sarcoplasmic reticulum?
DHP, RYR
store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE)
required to sustain SR Ca2+ stores during repeated contractions
store-independent Ca2+ entry (excitation-coupled Ca2+ entry [ECCE])
activated by repetitive or prolonged depolarization
fascicle
bundle of muscle fibers
muscle fiber
one muscle cell
myofibril
bundle of myofilaments
myofilaments
actin and myosin
tropomyosin
inhibits binding of myosin to actin
TnC
calcium sensor, binding of calcium produces conformational change in Tnl
TnT
binds troponin complex to tropomyosin, controls position of tropomyosin
Tnl
binds to actin and inhibits myosin ATPase
titan
stabilizes myosin filaments on longitudinal axis
nebulin
regulates length of actin filaments
I-band
light, thin filaments only
A-band
dark, overlapping thick and thin filaments
H-band
light, thick filaments only
Calsequestrin (CasQ)
calcium binding protein in SR, helps SR concentrate calcium
malignant hyperthermia
due to mutations in genes for RYR or CasQ, calcium channel of SR is abnormally sensitive to anethetics, uncouples calcium release and sarcolemma AP leading to forceful muscle contraction and the generation of heat
Type 1 fiber characteristics
"marathon", slow twitch, aerobic, endurance, low power, thinner, high mitochondria
Type 2 fiber characteristics
"sprinter", fast twitch, anaerobic, fatigue quickly, high power, thicker, low mitochondria
mydriasis
dilated pupil
miosis
pupil constriction
What type of smooth muscle is myogenic? Neurogenic?
myogenic: single unit
neurogenic: multiunit
Which type of smooth muscle cannot fire action potentials?
multiunit
What does skeletal muscle contain that smooth muscle does not?
striations, t-tubules, troponin, sarcomeres
How can Ca be removed from the cytoplasm of a smooth muscle cell?
returned to SR by SR-Ca-ATPase
Na/Ca exchanger (antiport)
Ca-ATPase
cAMP
inhibits MLCK, decrease muscle tone (ex. albuterol)
cGMP
activates myosin phosphatase, decreases muscle tone (ex. nitroglycerine)