Physiological Systems Exam 3

Front 1

Dicots

Back 1

-2 cotyledon

-Net like veins

-Vascular bundles in a ring

-Flowers in multiples of 4 or 5

-cortex and pith separate

-vascular cambium between xylem and phloem

-secondary xylem= wood

-secondary phloem= inner bark

-concentric annual rings

Front 2

Monocots

Back 2

-1 cotyledon

-linear, straight vein,

-vascular bundles are scattered

-flowers in multiples of 3

-simplest organization

-Xylem large, inside

-Phloem small, outside side by side w/ xylem

-as they grow fatter, more bundles in radial symmetry

-no distinction between cortex and pitch

Front 3

Basic body plan

Back 3

-shoot and root

-nodes (where leaves sprout off)

-internodes (in between nodes)

Front 4

Dermal Tissue

Back 4

-epidermis (stomata and cuticel)

-periderm (bark)

-protection, prevents loss of water

Front 5

Ground Tissue cell types

Back 5

-parenchyma

-collenchyma

-sclerenchyma

-metabolism, storage support

Front 6

Vascular tissue

Back 6

-xylem

-phloem

-transport water and sugar

Front 7

Primary growth

Back 7

-increases length above and below ground

-SAM = shoot apical meristem

-RAM= root apical meristem

Front 8

Secondary growth

Back 8

-increase girth above and below ground/ gets wider

-vascular cambium produces new xylem and phloem

-cork cambium produces waterproof cork

Front 9

Flower

Back 9

gametophytes

-multicellular structures that contain gametes

Front 10

Stamen

Back 10

male, pollen contains sperm

Front 11

Pistil

Back 11

female. ovules contain eggs

Front 12

Vascular Cambium

Back 12

produces new xylem and phloem

Front 13

Plant growth

Back 13

-meristem cell division

-cell elongation

-cell differentiation

Front 14

Primary growth

Back 14

increase length

Front 15

Root cap

Back 15

-protects apical meristem in te root

-lubricating secretions so root can grow into small cracks

-stem cells- plant tissue and root cap

Front 16

apical meristem

Back 16

zone of rapid cell division

Front 17

zone of elongation

Back 17

-significant increase in cell size without significant increase in amount of cytoplasm

-controlled by hormones

-cellulose in walls loosen

-water moves inward to vacuole by osmosis, cell inflates

-cell elongates

Front 18

zone of cell maturation (differentiation)

Back 18

-due to selective gene expression

-differentiation produces plant tissue

Front 19

Primary growth sensitive to

Back 19

-gravity and touch

-chemical signals

-temperature, water and nutrients

Front 20

Shoot apical meristem

Back 20

-apical meristem

-similar to root in division and growth

-terminal bud

-auxillary (lateral buds)

-nodes and buds under hormonal control

Front 21

terminal bud

Back 21

-top leaf at the end of the plant, vertical leaf

Front 22

auxiliary (lateral) buds

Back 22

horizontal, on the side of the stem

Front 23

secondary growth

Back 23

-vascular cambium, secondary xylem and phloem

-old epidermis and cortex breaks and sloughs off

Front 24

Roots similar to stems

Back 24

-secondary growth in roots= strong structural support

-non-woody root hairs absorb nutrients

Front 25

Plants acquire nutrients from

Back 25

-O2 and CO2

-from the soil

-liquid

-biotic mass

Front 26

Soil

Back 26

-large and small solids from parent rock broken down by chemical and mechanical forces found in topsoil, has sand, silt and clay (releases minerals when acidic)

-Sandy Loam is best for plants

-Needs air spaces

Front 27

Nitrogen fixation

Back 27

NH4+ ammonium

-catalyzed by nitrogenase enzyme in bacteria

-free living or plant associated to convert N2 to NH3

-symbiotic mutualistic relationship

Front 28

Rhizobium bacteria

Back 28

found in root nodules for nitrogen fixation

Front 29

leghemoglobin

Back 29

binds, holds oxygen to keep away from nitrogenase

Front 30

Types of roots

Back 30

-taproot

-fibrous root

Front 31

taproot

Back 31

in many dicots, long central and long to absorb water

Front 32

fibrous root

Back 32

in many monocots, including grass, shallow and dense, spread out in topsoil, holds soil together to prevent soil erosion

Front 33

Structural adaptations increase absorptive surface area

Back 33

-root hairs

-mycorrhizae

Front 34

Root hairs

Back 34

-microscopic extensions of epidermal cells on surface of root, reach into soil and increases surface area for absorption

Front 35

mycorrhizae

Back 35

mutualisitc, symbiotic fungus roots

-ectomycorrhizae= outside

-endomycorrhizae- inside

Front 36

Path for water and mineral absorption into root

Back 36

-epidermis

-cortex (symplast and apoplast)

-endodermis (casparian strips)

-xylem

-down concentration gradient

Front 37

symplast

Back 37

nutrients move through cells (water uptake in cortex)

Front 38

apoplast

Back 38

nutrients move around cells (water uptake in cortex)

Front 39

endodermis

Back 39

nutrients must travel through the cell for regulation

Front 40

Casparian strip

Back 40

-like a sealer gasket for the endodermis, selective absorption, prevents movement of any nutrients through the cells, everything must move through cells of the endemic symplastic absorption

Front 41

endodermcal cells

Back 41

facilitated diffusion and acive transport

-very selective uptake, cells of the endodermic control what enters plant vascular system

Front 42

water potential

Back 42

water concentration, water moves from high to low concentration and water potential, moves from lower osmotic pressure to high osmotic pressure

Front 43

turgor pressure

Back 43

inflation pressure in plant cell

Front 44

turgid

Back 44

fully inflated, rigid, water vacuole is full of water

Front 45

flaccid

Back 45

deflated, limp, lost water

Front 46

cuticle

Back 46

waxy covering over epidermis

Front 47

mesophyll

Back 47

middle part of leaf

Front 48

palisade mesophyll

Back 48

packed tightly, are a blockade in the leaf

Front 49

spongy mesophyll

Back 49

loosely packed cells, spaces filled with air in learf

Front 50

guard cells

Back 50

opening in epidermis, very dynamic, when inflated with water, creates openings

Front 51

stomata

Back 51

opening

Front 52

vascular bundle

Back 52

contains xylem and phloem

Front 53

dynamics of guard cell action and potassium salts

Back 53

increased turgor pressure, K+ moves into guard cell= opening

decreased turgor pressure K+ moves out of guard cell= closing

may be due to proton pump action

Front 54

regulation of guard cell action

Back 54

-stomata open when water, Co2 and sunlight are available

-blue light receptor and circadian rhythm

-photosynthetic decrease in CO2 in guard cells

-abscisic acid (stress hormone) when environmental stress is present

Front 55

lenticels

Back 55

loose area of the bark that allows gas exchange to happen, across root hairs and epidermal cells on root

Front 56

tracheids

Back 56

-cell in xylem

-elongated and tapered like small straws

-stacked together, dead at maturity

-connected by pits

Front 57

vessel elements

Back 57

-cell in xylem

-short stacked pipes(like stacked TP tubes)

-series of vessel elements from vessel

Front 58

Xylem movement driven by

Back 58

Transpiration

Front 59

Primary function of phloem cells

Back 59

translocation of photosynthetic products to regions of growth or storage

Front 60

Phloem cell types

Back 60

-sieve elements

-companion cells

Front 61

Sieve elements

Back 61

-stacked to form sieve tubes

-connectd by perforated sieve plates

-living cytoplasm (without nucleus)

Front 62

Companion cells

Back 62

-one-to-one pairing with sieve elements from mother cell

-retains nucleus and cytoplasm

-metabolic support

-linked to sieve elements

Front 63

Phloem sap

Back 63

-contains up to 30% sucrose= glucose-fructose disaccharide

-also contains minerals, amino acids and hormones

Front 64

Movement of phloem sap

Back 64

-active process involving active transport in many plants

-variable directionality, source to sink

-pressure flow hypothesis

-opposite directional phloem flow may take place in sieve tubes that are side by side

Front 65

source

Back 65

place where food (sugars) originate= producer

Front 66

sink

Back 66

site where sugars are used= consumer

Front 67

Pressure flow hypothesis

Back 67

-loading of phloem at source (active transport or plasmodesmata)

-water moves by osmosis

-phloem turgor pressure increased

-hydrostatic (water) pressure push

-unloading of phloem at sink (active transport or plasmodesmata)

-water moves back into xylem

Front 68

angiosperms

Back 68

-dominant land flora with flowers

Front 69

reasons for angiosperm success

Back 69

-vessels support rapid seasonal growth

-deciduous life history (can store energy in roots from source to sink, can live over winter

-flowers attact pollinators

Front 70

Life cycle of angiosperms

Back 70

-alternating generation of sporophytes and spores

-spores divide by mitosis= multicellular gametophytes that contain gametes

-fertilization

-reproduction structures are flowers

-double fertilization is NORMAL

Front 71

sporophytes

Back 71

-diploid, adult plant

-produces gametophytes (multicellular) that contain gametes

Front 72

spores

Back 72

-haploid

Front 73

gametophytes

Back 73

ovule and pollen grains

Front 74

Parts of the flower

Back 74

-sepals

-petals

-stamens (filament and anther)

-carpels form pistil (ovary, ovules, style stigma)

Front 75

sepals

Back 75

enclose bud

Front 76

petals

Back 76

attract pollinators

Front 77

stamens

Back 77

male reproductive organs

Front 78

filament

Back 78

supporting stalk of stamen

Front 79

anther

Back 79

terminal structure where meiotic cell division followed by mitosis and creates sperm= pollen

Front 80

carpels

Back 80

form pistil

female reproductive organ

ovary, ovules, style stigma

Front 81

ovary (base)

Back 81

contains ovules, becomes seeds

Front 82

style

Back 82

stalk that rises from ovary

Front 83

stigma

Back 83

enlarged apex, sticky secretion to hold possen grain

Front 84

Complete flowers

Back 84

has all 4 structures

Front 85

Incomplete flowers

Back 85

-lacking one or more structure

Front 86

Perfect flower

Back 86

-bisexual, both male and female

Front 87

Imperfect flower

Back 87

-unisexual, either male OR female

-can be staminate (w/ pollen) or carpellate (contains carpel, forms pistil)

Front 88

Monoecious

Back 88

has either male or female reproductive parts

Front 89

dioecious

Back 89

has both male and female reproductive parts

Front 90

meiosis in ovule

Back 90

4 haploid megapores (3 usually disintegrates)

Front 91

mitosis and cytokinesis in ovule

Back 91

megagametophyte

-7 cells and 8 nuclei

-one cell in embryo sac in egg cell (female gamete)

Front 92

Male gametophyte formation

Back 92

-cells undergo meiosis= haploid microspores

-mitosis= pollen grain (immature male microgametophyte)

a. wall thickens

b. nucleus divides by mitosis,generative nucleus- 2 sperm nuclei, tube nucleus= pollen tube, carries genetic information

Front 93

Angiosperm fertilization

Back 93

-pollen grain on stigma

-pollen grain germinates= chemical signals start germination= extension of pollen by tube cell nucleus

-generative nucleus divides= 2 haploid sperm cells, double fertilization

-sperm nuclei eneter embryo sac

Front 94

Double fertilization

Back 94

-sperm + egg cell= diploid zygote

-sperm + 2 polar nuclei = triploid (3n) endosperm

Front 95

Mechanisms angiosperms have to avoid self-pollination

Back 95

-dioecious

-stamens and pistils mature at different times

-structural arrangement

Front 96

Growth stimulating hormones

Back 96

-gibberellins

-auxins

-cytokinins

Front 97

Growth inhibiting hormones

Back 97

-ethylene

-abscisic acid

Front 98

Tropisms

Back 98

movement toward (positive) or away (negative) from stimulus

Front 99

Phototropism

Back 99

movement toward or away from light

Front 100

Gravitropism

Back 100

shoots grow away or towards gravity

Front 101

Thigmotropism

Back 101

tropism in response to touch, wrap around things

Front 102

Gibberellins

Back 102

-growth stimulator

-stimulates growth of shoot with little or no effect on root, above ground

-induces flowering

-promote seed germination

-break dormancy

Front 103

Auxins

Back 103

-growth stimulators

-major plant auxin= derivative of amino acid tryptophan

-promotes cell elongation (loosens cell wall_ on dark side to bend plant toward light, auxin travels around growing plants, dynamic carrier proteins are inserted into plant cell membranes

-role of statocytes in roots in stems in gravitropism

-influences abscission layer (breaks down when leaves and fruit fall), auxin and ethylene affect this zone

-apical dominance, especially in trees, grows upwards faster, prevents lateral growth (trees)

Front 104

Cytokinins

Back 104

-derivatives of nucleic acid (adenine)

-balance of auxins and cytokine directs shoot or root growth, more cytokinins= root growth, more auxins= shoot growth

-delays aging and senescence

-can cause tumors when uncontrolled

Front 105

Ethylene

Back 105

-growth inhibitor- stops cell division

-stimulated by auxin

-promotes ripening and dropping of fruit

-increases seed germination and flower production

-enhances thickening of root trucks to support fruit

Front 106

Abscisic acid

Back 106

-growth inhibitor

-controlled by balance of auxin and ethylene

-inhibits seed germination -induces stress tolerance and closes stomata-holds buds dormant-closes stomata to conserve water

Front 107

Embryo development

Back 107

-driven by gene expression

-unequal cell division= terminal (apical) cell and basil cell

-pattern formation (apical basil axis)

-Cotyledons form, apical meristems of shoot and root are formed (dicot cotyledons absorb endosperm and grow to fill seed)

Front 108

Mature seeds become dormant

Back 108

-baby in a basket with a lunch box

-dehydrated and metabolically dormant

-adaption for dispersal and survival

-dormancy

-breaking dormancy

Front 109

Dormancy

Back 109

-very low metabolic rate- neither growing nor developing

-must break dormancy to germinate

Front 110

Breaking dormancy

Back 110

-substantial rain

-natural fires to clear competition

-extended cold exposure

-light

-partial digestion

Front 111

Fruit development

Back 111

-protects seed

-aids in dispersal of seeds

Front 112

types of fruit

Back 112

-simple fruit

-aggregate fruit

-multiple fruit

Front 113

simple fruit

Back 113

-derived from single ovary, fleshy ferry, dry soybean, drupe has single seed in a hard pit

Front 114

aggregate fruit

Back 114

single flower with several pistils, respberiies

Front 115

multiple fruit

Back 115

develop from group of tightly clustered flowers, individual ovaries fuse= one fruit like pineapple

Front 116

Germination steps

Back 116

-imbibition

-enzymes digest starch in endosperm= growth

-root (radicle) emerges first

-growing embryo bursts out of seed

Front 117

Imbibition

Back 117

-water to activate embryo= gibberellic acid

Front 118

growing embryo steps

Back 118

-radicle emerges

-hypocotyl emerges

-cotyledons may emerge or remain in soil

-coleoptile in grass seedlings

Front 119

Germination

Back 119

-steps

-foliage leaves expand and photosynthesis beginnings

-cotyledons shrivel and fall away above or below ground

Front 120

Shaping of plant body

Back 120

-pattern formation

-differential gene expression coordinates plant development (by transcription factors)

Front 121

Pattern formation in germination

Back 121

-root-shoot axis/ radioal pattern of grown

-seedling regions= apical/ central/ basal

-apical-basal pattering genes identified

Front 122

Homeotic genes

Back 122

-shape flowers

-different combinations of ABC genes reshape juvenile meristem (leaves) into flower parts

Front 123

protoderm

Back 123

becomes dermal tissue

primary meristem in embryo

Front 124

provascular tissue (procambium) tissue

Back 124

becomes vascular tissue system

Front 125

advantage of asexual reproduction

Back 125

much less energy expensive

Front 126

disadvantage of asexual reproduction

Back 126

clones are genetically identical

Front 127

types of asexual reproduction

Back 127

-fragmentation (parts reform whole plant)

-apomixes (seed production without fertilization)