Physiological Psychology Ch. 1-2

Front 1

What are the 5 viewpoints of biological psychology?

Back 1

1) Description of behavior, 2) its evolution, 3) its lifetime development, 4) its underlying biological mechanisms, and 5) applications of knowledge to dysfunctional behavior

Front 2

What are the three approaches to understanding the brain-behavior link?

Back 2

1) somatic intervention: alter a structure or function of the brain or body
2) behavioral intervention: change an organism's behavior, examine for changes in bio
3) correlation: finding the extent to which a bio measure corresponds with a behavior measure

Front 3

Basic unit of the nervous system is:

Back 3

Neuron

Front 4

The hypothesis that the brain is composed of separate cells that are structurally, metabolically, and functionally distinct:

Back 4

Neuron doctrine

Front 5

Researcher who showed that neurons are not CONTINUOUS, but rather CONTIGUOUS:

Back 5

Ramon y Cajal

Front 6

Non-neural brain cells that provide structural, nutritional, and other support to the brain:

Back 6

Glial cells, neuroglia

Front 7

Structures in cell body where genetic info is translated to produce proteins:

Back 7

Ribosomes

Front 8

Extensions of neuron cell bodies that are the receptive surfaces:

Back 8

dendrites

Front 9

Area of neuron receiving info from other neurons or specialized sensory structures, corresponding to dendrites:

Back 9

Input Zone

Front 10

Cell body region

Back 10

soma (pl. somata)

Front 11

Area of neuron cell body where signals are combined and transformed:

Back 11

Integration Zone

Front 12

Area corresponding with axon, leading away from cell body and towards axon terminals:

Back 12

Conduction Zone

Front 13

Area corresponding to axon terminals, where cell's activity is communicated to others:

Back 13

Output Zone

Front 14

1/10 of a centimeter

Back 14

millimeter

Front 15

1/1000 of a millimeter

Back 15

micrometer

Front 16

histological stain that fills a small number of neurons with dark, silver-based dye

Back 16

Golgi stain

Front 17

histological stain outlining all cell bodies via attraction of dye to RNA in nuclei; helps measure cell body size and cell density of regions:

Back 17

Nissl stain

Front 18

histological technique showing the distribution of radioactive chemicals in tissues, enabling researchers to know (for example) what parts of the brain are affected by a drug

Back 18

autoradiography

Front 19

method of detecting types of proteins in tissues, using manufactured antibodies that attach to target proteins and are then chemically treated to be made visible

Back 19

immunocytochemistry (ICC)

Front 20

method for detecting specific RNA transcripts in tissue by using radioactively-labelled bits of nucleic acid that will bind with the targeted RNA

Back 20

in situ hybridization

Front 21

class of genes showing rapid, temporary increases in expression in activated cells

Back 21

immediate early genes (IEGs)

Front 22

common example of an IEG

Back 22

c-fos

Front 23

enzyme found in a particular plant's roots which is useful for determining cells of origin for a particular set of axons, by being taken up at axon terminals and traveling backward

Back 23

horseradish peroxidase (HRP)

Front 24

3 principal types of neurons:

Back 24

1) multi-polar
2) bipolar
3) unipolar/monopolar

Front 25

many dendrites, single axon, most common type of neuron:

Back 25

multi-polar

Front 26

single process/extension, branching in two directions from cell body, one toward dendrites, one toward axon terminals; e.g. those transmitting touch info from body into spinal cord:

Back 26

unipolar/monopolar neurons

Front 27

single dendrite, single axon, common in sensory systems like vision:

Back 27

bipolar neurons

Front 28

nerve cell transmitting motor messages that stimulate a muscle or gland:

Back 28

motoneuron

Front 29

neuron directly affected by changes in environment:

Back 29

sensory neuron

Front 30

neuron that receives input from and sends output to other neurons; vast majority of neurons

Back 30

interneurons

Front 31

major types of glial cells:

Back 31

1)astrocytes
2) microglial cells
3)oligodendrocytes
4)Scwhann cells

Front 32

star-shaped glial cell with numerous processes running in all directions, often regulating bloodflow and monitoring nearby synaptic activity:

Back 32

astrocyte

Front 33

extremely small glial cells that clean up cellular debris and protect injured cell sites

Back 33

microglial cells

Front 34

glial cell that forms myelin in the Central Nervous System (brain & spinal cord):

Back 34

oligodendrocyte

Front 35

fatty insulation that coats conduction zones of neurons, formed by glial cells, and improving speed of conduction:

Back 35

myelin

Front 36

gap between a pair of myelinated axonal segments where axonal membrane is exposed:

Back 36

node of Ranvier

Front 37

demyelinating disease (lit. "many scars") that can have catastrophic results:

Back 37

multiple sclerosis

Front 38

glial cell providing myelin in the peripheral nervous system (everything outside brain, spinal cord):

Back 38

Schwann cell

Front 39

swelling of injured tissue, e.g. glial cells in brain, that can compound brain injuries:

Back 39

edema

Front 40

elaborate branching of some dendrites:

Back 40

arborization

Front 41

referring to region of synapse releasing neurotransmitters:

Back 41

presynaptic

Front 42

referring to region of synapse receiving and responding to neurotransmitters:

Back 42

postsynaptic

Front 43

specialized membrane of axon terminal of transmitting neuron; releases neurotransmitters:

Back 43

presynaptic membrane

Front 44

space between presynaptic and postsynaptic regions:

Back 44

synaptic cleft

Front 45

small spherical structure containing molecules of neurotransmitter, which fuses with presynaptic membrane in response to neuronal electrical activity:

Back 45

synaptic vesicle

Front 46

specialized protein molecule on postsynaptic membrane that captures and reacts to neurotransmitters:

Back 46

receptors

Front 47

common number of synaptic contacts on a neuron:

Back 47

5,000-10,000

Front 48

average synapse size:

Back 48

less than a square micrometer

Front 49

cone shaped area from which the axon protrudes from the cell body, functionally corresponding to the "integration zone":

Back 49

axon hillock

Front 50

a branch of the same axon from a neuron:

Back 50

axon collateral

Front 51

to provide neural input; to make synaptic contact with another cell:

Back 51

innervate

Front 52

movement of material (proteins, recycled materials) within the neuron, to and from cell body:

Back 52

axonal transport

Front 53

visible demarcations of the nervous system, e.g. CNS/PNS, cerebral hemispheres)

Back 53

gross neuroanatomy

Front 54

three component nerve-groupings that make up the Peripheral Nervous System:

Back 54

1) cranial nerves
2) spinal nerves
3) autonomic nervous system

Front 55

collection of axons bundled together outside CNS:

Back 55

nerve

Front 56

regulatory system primarily controlling the glands and smooth muscles of the viscera

Back 56

autonomic nervous system

Front 57

12 pairs (I-XII) of cranial nerves that serve sensory and motor systems in head and neck

Back 57

I. Olfactory
II. Optic
III. Oculomotor
IV. Trochlear
V. Trigeminal
VI. Abducens
VII. Facial
VIII. Vestibulocochlear
IX. Glossopharyngeal
X. Vagus
XI. Spinal accessory
XII. Hypoglossal

Front 58

3 cranial nerves that are exclusively sensory pathways to the brain:

Back 58

olfactory (I), optic (II), and vestibulocochlear (VIII)

Front 59

5 cranial nerves that are exclusively motor pathways from the brain:

Back 59

oculomotor (III), trochlear (IV), abducens (VI), spinal accessory (XI), & hypoglossal (XII)

Front 60

4 cranial nerves that have both motor and sensory functions (on separate axons, of course):

Back 60

trigeminal (V), facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX), & vagus (X)

Front 61

how many pairs of spinal nerves?

Back 61

31 (one member of each pair to a side of the body)

Front 62

spinal nerves are also known as:

Back 62

somatic nerves

Front 63

each spinal nerve is made by the fusion of two branches, called "roots", respectively known as:

Back 63

dorsal & ventral roots

Front 64

branch of a spinal nerve that carries sensory info from the PNS to the spinal cord:

Back 64

dorsal root

Front 65

branch of a spinal nerve that carries motor messages from the spinal cord to the PNS:

Back 65

ventral root

Front 66

general name and number of membranes surrounding spinal cord and brain:

Back 66

3 meninges

Front 67

each layer of meninges, from outer to inner:

Back 67

dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater

Front 68

names of spinal cord regions, and the number of spinal cord segments (and attached pairs of nerves) in each:

Back 68

cervical: 8
thoracic: 12
lumbar: 5
sacral: 5
coccygeal: 1

Front 69

component of the autonomic nervous system that arises from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord:

Back 69

sympathetic nervous system

Front 70

component of the autonomic nervous system arising from "above" and "below" the sympathetic, i.e. from cranial nerves and the sacral spinal cord

Back 70

parasympathetic nervous system

Front 71

two general types of nerves in both the sympathetic an parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system:

Back 71

preganglionic and postganglionic

Front 72

collections of nerve cell bodies found in various locations, and innervating major organs:

Back 72

autonomic ganglia

Front 73

chain of ganglia on each side of spinal column:

Back 73

sympathetic chain

Front 74

local network of sensory and motor neurons that regulate digestion, resembling a mesh, controlled by CNS:

Back 74

enteric nervous system

Front 75

neurotransmitter produced and released by sympathetic postganglionic neurons to accelerate organ activity; also produced in brain-stem and found throughout the brain:

Back 75

norepinephrine/noradrenaline

Front 76

neurotransmitter produced & released by parasympathetic postganglionic neurons, motoneurons, and various neurons in the brain to slow down various organic processes:

Back 76

acetylcholine

Front 77

executive portion of the CNS:

Back 77

brain, i.e. cerebrum

Front 78

ridges of tissue formed by external folding of brain tissue:

Back 78

gyri

Front 79

troughs or furrows between the ridges of tissue formed by folded brain tissue:

Back 79

sulci

Front 80

the 4 sectors of the cerebral hemispheres:

Back 80

frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes

Front 81

C-shaped bundle of axons allowing communication between the cerebral hemispheres:

Back 81

corpus callosum

Front 82

deep fissure demarcating the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes; also known as the lateral sulcus:

Back 82

Sylvian fissure

Front 83

fissure dividing the frontal and parietal lobes:

Back 83

central sulcus

Front 84

strip of frontal cortex, just in front of the central sulcus, that is crucial for motor control:

Back 84

precentral gyrus

Front 85

strip of parietal cortex, just behind the central sulcus, that mediates the sense of touch:

Back 85

postcentral gyrus

Front 86

areas/layers of brain and other nervous tissue that is dominated by cell bodies:

Back 86

gray matter

Front 87

areas/layers of brain and other nervous tissue dominated by axon fibers with myelin sheathing:

Back 87

white matter

Front 88

three planar orientations for viewing brain and body:

Back 88

horizontal (top and bottom), sagittal (left side and right side), and coronal or transverse (front and back)

Front 89

anterior (e.g. a ship's prow)

Back 89

rostral

Front 90

posterior (e.g. tail)

Back 90

caudal

Front 91

toward the middle

Back 91

medial

Front 92

toward the side

Back 92

lateral

Front 93

referencing a 2nd location on the same side as the first location

Back 93

ipsilateral

Front 94

referencing a 2nd location on the opposite side as the first

Back 94

contralateral

Front 95

near vs. distant

Back 95

proximal vs. distal

Front 96

an axon, tract, or nerve carrying info INTO a region of interest is:

Back 96

afferent

Front 97

an axon, tract or nerve carrying info AWAY from a region of interest:

Back 97

efferent

Front 98

embryonic CNS, with divisions corresponding to the future forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain:

Back 98

neural tube

Front 99

forebrain

Back 99

prosencephalon

Front 100

midbrain

Back 100

mesencephalon

Front 101

hindbrain

Back 101

rhombencephalon

Front 102

frontal subdivision of the prosencephalon, containing the cerebral hemispheres:

Back 102

telencephalon

Front 103

what is contained in the cerebral hemispheres:

Back 103

cortex+basal ganglia+limbic systems

Front 104

posterior part of the prosencephalon, containing the thalamus & hypothalamus:

Back 104

diencephalon

Front 105

divisions of the rhombencephalon:

Back 105

metencephalon & myelencephalon

Front 106

what does the metencephalon contain?

Back 106

cerebellum + pons

Front 107

what is the myelencephalon more often known as?

Back 107

medulla

Front 108

what is contained in the "brainstem"?

Back 108

midbrain, pons, & medulla

Front 109

aggregation of neurons in a given region of the brain:

Back 109

nuclei

Front 110

bundles of axons in regions of brain:

Back 110

tracts

Front 111

the basal ganglia are composed of:

Back 111

1) caudate nucleus, 2) globus pallidus, 3) putamen, 4) subthalamic nucleus, and 5) substantia nigra

Front 112

loosely-defined, widespread network of structures involved in emotion and learning:

Back 112

limbic system

Front 113

the limbic system includes:

Back 113

1) amygdala, 2) hippocampus, 3) fornix, 4) cingulate gyrus, 5) olfactory bulb, 6) hypothalamus, and 7) mammilary bodies

Front 114

complex cluster of nuclei acting as a way station to the cerebral cortex:

Back 114

thalamus

Front 115

paired gray matter structures on the dorsal surface of the midbrain, involved in visual attention:

Back 115

superior colliculi

Front 116

paired gray matter structures on the dorsal surface of the midbrain, involved in auditory reception:

Back 116

inferior colliculi

Front 117

dorsal region of the midbrain, including both pairs of colliculi:

Back 117

tectum

Front 118

a part of the basal ganglia located in the midbrain, containing neurons that release dopamine:

Back 118

substantia nigra

Front 119

motor center in the midbrain that communicates with motoneurons in the spinal cord:

Back 119

red nucleus

Front 120

a network extending from the medulla to the thalamus, implicated in sleep and arousal functions:

Back 120

reticular formation

Front 121

large neurons composing the middle layer of the cerebellum's folds:

Back 121

Purkinje cells

Front 122

small nerve cells in the bottom layer of the cerebellum's folds:

Back 122

granule cells

Front 123

axons from the granule cells that compose the outer layer of the cerebellum:

Back 123

parallel fibers

Front 124

immediately ventral to the cerebellum:

Back 124

pons

Front 125

cortical tissue with three layers or unlayered organization:

Back 125

allocortex

Front 126

# of distinct cortical layers:

Back 126

6

Front 127

distinction of cortical layer I:

Back 127

few cell bodies

Front 128

distinction of cortical layers V and VI:

Back 128

many neurons with large cell bodies

Front 129

large nerve cell that is prominent in the cortex, esp. layers III and V:

Back 129

pyramidal cells

Front 130

extension of pyramidal cells that reaches the outermost layer of cortex:

Back 130

apical dendrites

Front 131

dendrites that spread out horizontally from pyramidal cells:

Back 131

basal dendrites

Front 132

info-processing units perpendicular to cortical layers, extending from white matter below to the gray surface above:

Back 132

cortical columns

Front 133

series of chambers filled with CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) in the center of the brain:

Back 133

ventricular system

Front 134

specialized membrane lining the inside of the lateral ventricles, and secreting CSF:

Back 134

choroid plexus

Front 135

arteries arising from the carotids, that provide blood to the anterior poles and medial surfaces of the cerebral hemispheres:

Back 135

anterior cerebral arteries

Front 136

arteries arising from the carotids, providing blood to the lateral surfaces of the cerebral hemispheres:

Back 136

middle cerebral arteries

Front 137

arteries that ascend the vertebrae and enter the base of the skull:

Back 137

vertebral arteries

Front 138

artery formed by the fusion the vertebral arteries, providing blood to the brainstem and the posterior cerebral arteries:

Back 138

basilar artery

Front 139

arteries arising from the basilar, providing blood to the posterior aspects of the cerebral hemispheres, the cerebellum and the brainstem:

Back 139

posterior cerebral arteries

Front 140

structure at the base of the brain (rostral to the brainstem) formed by the major cerebral arteries:

Back 140

circle of Willis

Front 141

brain-imaging wherein cerebral blood vessels are injected with a dye and then x-rayed to aid in the diagnosis of vascular disease:

Back 141

angiography

Front 142

computer analysis of brain structure using x-ray absorption at multiple positions around the head:

Back 142

computerized axial tomography

Front 143

technique to study brain structure, using magnetic energy to line up proteins in water molecules in the brain, then knocking them over with a blast of radio waves, then detecting micro-emissions of radio waves as the protons realign:

Back 143

magnetic resonance imaging

Front 144

technique to examine brain region function, using radioactive tracers (often attached to glucose) and multiple-position detectors:

Back 144

positron emission tomography

Front 145

technique to study brain region function with rapidly oscillating magnetic fields that detect oxygen availability:

Back 145

functional MRI

Front 146

use of reflected near-infrared light to reveal the activity of cortical regions:

Back 146

optical imaging

Front 147

use of focal magnetic currents to briefly stimulate the cortex, allowing mapping of the resulting patterns of activation through OI:

Back 147

transcranial magnetic stimulation

Front 148

detectors used to sense changes in magnetic fields created by neuronal activity:

Back 148

Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices

Front 149

method that uses SQUIDS to create realtime maps of brain activity from localized cortical magnetic fields:

Back 149

magnetoencephalography: