Physiological Psychology (Biological Psychology Book)

Front 1

Myasthenia Gravis

Back 1

A disease in which the immune system attacks the acetylcholine receptors at the nerve-muscle junctions

Front 2

Reflex Arc

Back 2

A circuit of neurons from the senosry neurons to muscle responses that produces a reflex

Front 3

Stretch Reflex

Back 3

A reflexive contraction of a muscle in response to a stretch of that muscle

Front 4

Golgi Tendon Organ

Back 4

A receptor that responds to the contraction of a muscle

Front 5

Muscle Spindle

Back 5

A receptor parallel to the muscle that responds to the stretch of a muscle

Front 6

After acetylcholine causes a flexor muscle to move your hand toward your shoulder, what would move it the other direction?

Back 6

Acetylcholine causes the extensor muscle to contract

Front 7

What happens to a fish’s movement speed in colder water

Back 7

The fish swims at the same speed by recruiting more white muscle fibers.

Front 8

Which of the following is true of mammals’ slow-twitch muscle fibers?

Back 8

Because they are aerobic, they do not fatigue rapidly.

Front 9

Which of the following describes a stretch reflex?

Back 9

The receptor detects that a muscle is stretched, andsends a signal to contract it reflexively.

Front 10

A muscle spindle and a Golgi tendon organ are both described as what?

Back 10

Proprioceptors

Front 11

Aerobic

Back 11

Uses oxygen

Front 12

Anaerobic

Back 12

Does not use oxygen until recovery

Front 13

Antagonistic Muscles

Back 13

Opposing sets of muscles required to move a limb back and forth.

Front 14

Ballistic Movement

Back 14

Movements that are executed as a whole, meaning once they start, they cannot be changed (Like reflexes).

Front 15

Cardiac Muscles

Back 15

Control the heart

Front 16

Central Pattern Generators

Back 16

Neural mechanisms in the spinal cord that generate rhythmic patterns of motor output.

Front 17

Extensor

Back 17

Moves a body part away from you.

Front 18

Fast Twitch Fibers

Back 18

Fast contractions and fast fatigue

Front 19

Flexor

Back 19

Brings a body part toward you

Front 20

Golgi Tendon Organ

Back 20

Proprioreceptors that respond to increases in muscle tension

Front 21

Motor Program

Back 21

A fixed sequence of movements. and once began the order is set from beginning to end.

Front 22

Muscle Spindle

Back 22

A type of proprioreceptor that is paralell to the muscle that responds to a stretch.

Front 23

Neuromuscular Junction

Back 23

A synapse between a motor neuron axon and a muscle fiber.

Front 24

Proprioreceptor

Back 24

A receptor that detects the position or movement of a part of the body (From the Latin proprius)

Front 25

Reflexes

Back 25

Consistent automatic responses to stimuli, and are thought of as involuntary.

Front 26

Skeletal/Striated Muscles

Back 26

Control movement of the body in relation to the environment

Front 27

Slow Twitch Fibers

Back 27

Slower contractions and no fatigue

Front 28

Smooth Muscles

Back 28

Control the digestive system and other organs

Front 29

Stretch Reflex

Back 29

Caused by a stretch, and it does not happen before one.

Front 30

Pyramidal Tract

Back 30

The spinal tract that passes through the pyramids of the medula oblongata in the descending motor system. Is the direct activation pathway that innervates the VOLUNTARY muscles of the head, neck and limbs, and ncludes the corticospinal tract and corticobulbar tract/corticonuclear tract. Is the main pathway for voluntary movement.

Front 31

Extrapyramidal Tract

Back 31

The spinal tract that passes outside the pyramids of the medula oblongata in the descending motor system, and is an indirect activation pathway. The major part of the extrapyramidal tract is the basal ganglia, and it works by modifying neural impulses from the cerebrel cortex. The extrapyramidal system:

1. selects activation of movements and the suppression of others

2. It initiates movements

3. It sets the rate and force of movements

4. It coordinates movements

Front 32

Reflex Arc

Back 32

the nerve pathway involved in a reflex action including at its simplest a sensory nerve and a motor nerve with a synapse between.

Front 33

Interneurons

Back 33

A neuron that transmits impulses between other neurons, especially as part of a reflex arc.

Front 34

Stretch Reflex

Back 34

The stretch reflex (myotatic reflex) is a muscle contraction in response to stretchingwithin the muscle. It is a monosynaptic reflex which provides automatic regulation of skeletal muscle length. When a muscle lengthens, the muscle spindle is stretchedand its nerve activity increases.

Front 35

Afferent Neurons

Back 35

Neurons that receive information from our sensory organs (e.g. eye, skin) and transmit this input to the central nervous system are called afferent neurons

Front 36

Efferent Neurons

Back 36

Neurons that send impulses from the central nervous system to your limbs and organs are called efferentneurons.

Front 37

Knee Jerk Reflex

Back 37

Knee-jerk reflex, also called patellar reflex, sudden kicking movement of the lower leg in response to a sharp tap on the patellar tendon, which lies just below the kneecap. One of the several positions that a subject may take for the test is to sit with knees bent and with one leg crossed over the other so that the upper foot hangs clear of the floor. The sharp tap on the tendon slightly stretches the quadriceps, the complex of muscles at the front of the upper leg. In reaction these muscles contract, and the contraction tends to straighten the leg in a kicking motion. Exaggeration or absence of the reaction suggests that there may be damage to the central nervous system. The knee jerk can also be helpful in recognizing thyroid disease. Is a type of stretch reflex!