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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Three kinds of nerve cells |
1. Sensory neurons (afferent neurons) 2. Motor neurons (efferent neurons) 3. Interneurons |
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Afferent and efferent neurons |
Sensory impulses travel along afferent fibers, which ascend up to the brain; motor impulses travel along efferent fibers, which exit the brain and spinal cord on their way down to the muscles. |
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Parasympathetic Nervous System |
Branch of ANS "Resting and digesting" Associated with the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. |
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Sympathetic Nervous System |
Branch of ANS "Fight or flight" Associated with the neurotransmitter adrenaline. |
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Cerebral Cortex |
Forebrain Complex perceptual, cognitive, and behavioral processes |
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Basal Ganglia |
Forebrain Movement; extrapyramidal motor system; may play a role in Parkinson's and Schizophrenia |
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Limbic System |
Forebrain Emotion and memory; includes septal nuclei (pleasure centers), amygdala (defensive and aggressive behavior), and hippocampus (learning and memory) |
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Thalamus |
Forebrain Sensory relay station (all senses except smell) |
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Hypothalamus |
Forebrain Hunger and thirst; sexual behavior; emotion; homeostasis Four Fs: feeding, fighting, fleeing, sexual functioning |
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Inferior and Superior Colliculi |
Midbrain Sensorimotor reflexes |
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Cerebellum |
Hindbrain Refined motor movements; posture, balance, and coordination |
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Medulla Oblongata |
Hindbrain Vital functioning (breathing, digestion, heartbeat, blood pressure...) |
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Reticular Formation |
Hindbrain Arousal, alertness, and attention (3 As); sleeping and waking; associated with high and low arousal states |
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Phylogeny |
The term for evolutionary development in humans |
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Lateral Hypothalamus |
Hunger center - lesions lead to aphagia (Lacking Hunger) |
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Ventromedial Hypothalamus |
Satiety center - lesions lead to hyperphagia (Very Hungry) |
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Anterior Hypothalamus |
Sexual activity - lesions lead to inhibition of sexual activity (Asexuality) |
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Septal Nuclei |
A pleasure center identified by Olds and Milner; inhibits aggression; lesions produce septal rage (part of the limbic system) |
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Amygdala |
Defensive and aggressive behavior; studied by Kluver and Bucy; lesions produce docility and hypersexual states (part of the limbic system) |
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Hippocampus |
Memory; lesions produce anterograde amnesia (part of the limbic system) |
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Association Area |
Areas in the brain that integrate information from different cortical regions |
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Projection Area |
Areas in the brain receiving incoming sensory information or sending out motor-impulse commands |
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Functions of the Left (usually dominant) Hemisphere |
Letters, words, language-related sounds, speech, reading, writing, arithmetic, complex voluntary movement |
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Functions of the Right (usually nondominant) Hemisphere |
Faces, music, emotions, creativity, sense of direction |
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Four Stages of Electrical Conduction |
1. Resting potential (-70 mv charge) 2. Depolarization 3. Action potential spike 4. Hyperpolarization |
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Acetylcholine |
Voluntary muscle control; associated with Alzheimer's Disease |
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Epinephrine (adrenaline) |
"Fight or flight" responses |
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Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) |
Wakefulness and alertness; associated with depression and mania |
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Dopamine |
Smooth movements and steady posture; associated with schizophrenia and Parkinson's Disease |
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Serotonin |
Mood, sleep, eating, dreaming; associated with depression and mania |
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GABA |
Brain stabilizer; associated with anxiety disorders |
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Endorphin (a peptide) |
Natural pain killer |
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Benzodiazapines |
Sedative-hypnotic "Valium" Affects GABA, used as a minor tranquilizer to reduce anxiety |
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Barbiturates |
Sedative-hypnotic Affects GABA, used as a sedative |
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Amphetamines |
Behavioral-stimulant Affects norepinephrine and dopamine, used for narcolepsy |
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Tricyclics and MAO Inhibitors |
Behavioral-stimulant Affects norepinephrine and serotonin, used for depression |
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Methylphenidate |
Behavioral-stimulant "Ritalin" Affects dopamine, used for ADHD |
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Chlorpromazine |
Antipsychotic "Thorazine" Affects dopamine, used for schizophrenia |
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Haloperidol |
Antipsychotic "Haldol" Affects dopamine, used for schizophrenia |
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Lithium |
Antipsychotic Mechanism unknown, used for bipolar disorder |
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Heroin and Morphene |
Narcotics (Opiates) Affect opiate receptors, used as painkillers |
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Hypothalamus (as an endocrine gland) |
Controls release of pituitary hormones |
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Pituitary Gland |
Often called "the master gland"; triggers hormone secretion in many other endocrine glands |
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Thyroid |
Affects metabolism rate; growth and development |
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Adrenal Medulla |
Produces adrenaline (epinephrine), which increases sugar output of liver; also increases heart rate; "fight or flight" response |
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Ovaries |
Estrogen stimulates female sex characteristics; progesterone prepares uterus for implantation of embryo |
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Testes |
Testosterone produces male sex characteristics; relevant to sexual arousal |
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Aphasia |
Impairment of language functions Broca's _______ disturbs ability to produce language, and Wernicke's _________ disturbs ability to understand language |
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Amnesia |
Impairment of memory functions Anterograde disturbs memory for events after brain injury occurs, and retrograde disturbs memory for events before brain injury occurs |
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Agnosia |
Impairment in perceptual recognition of objects Visual _______ disturbs visual recognition and tactile ________ disturbs tactile recognition |
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Apraxia |
Impairment of skilled motor movements |
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Sleep Stages |
Awake - beta and alpha waves Stage 1 - theta waves; hypnagogic hallucinations Stage 2 - theta waves; sleep spindles and K complexes appear Stage 3 - delta waves Stage 4 - delta waves; deepest sleep REM - paradoxical; dreaming |
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James-Lange Theory of Emotion |
Argued that we recognize emotions based on how our body reacts: "We feel sorry because we cry, angry because we strike, afraid because we tremble." |
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Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion |
Argued that emotions reflect physiological arousal of the autonomic nervous system and specific neural circuits in the brain |
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Schachter-Singer Theory of Emotion |
Argued that unspecified physiological arousal will be labeled as different emotions depending on mental response to environmental stimulation |
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Broca |
French anatomist who identified the part of the brain primarily associated with producing spoken language |
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Kandel |
Demonstrated that simple learning behavior in sea snails (aplysia) is associated with changes in neurotransmission |
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Kluver and Bucy |
Studied loss of normal fear and rage reactions in monkeys resulting from the bilateral removal of the amygdala; studied the amygdala's role in emotions |
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Luria |
Russian neurologist who studied how brain damage leads to impairment in sensory, motor, and language functions |
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Milner |
Studied severe anterograde amnesia in H.M., a patient whose hippocampus and temporal lobes were removed surgically to control epilepsy |
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Olds and Milner |
Demonstrated existence of pleasure center in the brain using "self-stimulation" studies in rats |
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Penfield |
Canadian neurosurgeon who used electrodes and electrical stimulation techniques to "map" out different parts of the brain during surgery |
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Sherrington |
English physiologist who first inferred the existence of synaptic communication between neurons |
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Sperry and Gazzaniga |
Investigated functional differences between left and right cerebral hemispheres using "split-brain" studies |
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Wernicke |
German neurologist who identified the part of the brain primarily associated with understanding spoken language |
