Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
104 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What 2 forms do scientific explanations take?
|
generalizaion and reduction
|
|
|
What organ did early civilizations attribute thought and emotions to?
|
the heart
|
|
|
Who was the first to talk about reflexes?
|
Descartes
|
|
|
what is a model?
|
a simple system that works on known principles and is able to do some things more complex systems do
|
|
|
Who was a strong promoter of experimentation, rather than observation and classification?
|
Johannes Muller
|
|
|
Who cam cup with the doctrine of specific nerve energies?
|
Johannes Muller
|
|
|
What is the doctrine of specific nerve energies?
|
It says that although nerves all send the same kind of impulse, we perceive these impulses in different ways and these impulses serve different functions
|
|
|
Who came up with experimental ablation?
|
Flourens
|
|
|
Who was the first to measure the speed of conduction through nerves?
|
Helmholtz
|
|
|
What is selective advantage?
|
a characteristic of an organism that permits it to produce more than the average number of offspring
|
|
|
What is neoteny?
|
The slowing of the process of maturation, allowing more time for growth (an important factor in brain development)
|
|
|
What system consists of nerves and most sensory organs?
|
Peripheral nervous system
|
|
|
What part of the neuron provides life processes for the cell?
|
the soma
|
|
|
What part of the neuron receives messages?
|
dendrites
|
|
|
What are the 3 classifications/types of neurons?
|
multipolar neuron
bilpolar neuron unipolar neuron |
|
|
describe the structure of a multipolar neuron?
|
the somatic membrane gives rise to one axon but to the trunks of many dendritic tree
|
|
|
describe the structure of a bipolar neuron?
|
gives rise to one axon and one dendritic tree, at opposite ends of the soma.
|
|
|
describe the structure of a unipolar neuron?
|
it only has one stalk, which leaves the soma and divides into 2 branches
|
|
|
What types of neurons are typically sensory?
|
bipolar.
|
|
|
What type of neuron is most commonly found in the CNS?
|
multipolar
|
|
|
What do unipolar neurons typical do (what's their function)?
|
They transmit sensory info from the environment to the CNS. Their dendrites typically detect touch, temperature changes, and other tactile skin sensations
|
|
|
What part of the neuron releases neurotransmitters?
|
terminal buttons
|
|
|
What is the membrane?
|
The double layer of lipid molecules that surrounds the cell
|
|
|
What is the cytoplasm?
|
a jellylike substance that fills the cell. It contains specialized structures (such as mitochondria)
|
|
|
What does mitochondria do?
|
it breaks down nutrients such as glucose and provide the cell with energy
|
|
|
What chemical does mitochondria produce?
|
adensoine triphosphate ATP
|
|
|
What part of the cell contains chromosomes?
|
the nucleus
|
|
|
What do chromosomes consist of?
|
DNA.
|
|
|
What is the function of a chromosome?
|
They contain the recopies for making proteins.
|
|
|
What is the name of portions of the chromosome that contain the recipes for individual proteins?
|
genes
|
|
|
What do enzymes do?
|
They cause particular molecules to join together or split apart
|
|
|
What are some important functions of proteins to the cell?
|
1) If the membrane dissolves, the cytoskeleton (strands of proteins) keep its shape
2) Enzymes determine what gets made from raw materials (which molecules combine/split) 3) They also transport substances within the cell |
|
|
What is the active process that propels substances from one end of the axon to the other?
|
axoplasmic transport
|
|
|
What is the name of the long protein strands that facilitate axoplasmic transport?
|
microtubules
|
|
|
What is the movement of substances FROM the soma TO the terminal button called?
|
anterograde axoplasmic transport
|
|
|
What is the movement of substances FROM the terminal buttons BACK TO the soma called?
|
retrograde axoplasmic transport
|
|
|
What do Glial cells do?
|
1) they surround the cell neuron and holds it into place
2) they control the supply of nutrients and chemicals the neuron needs to function 3) they insult neurons so messages don't get scrambled |
|
|
What are the 3 most important type of glial cells?
|
1) astrocytes
2) oligodendrocytes 3) microglia |
|
|
What do astrocytes do (5 things)?
|
1) They provide physical support
2) They clean up debris 3) They produce chemicals essential to neural functions 4) Regular extracellular fluid. 5) Provide nourishment |
|
|
What is phagocytosis?
|
When an astrocyte engulfs and digests pieces of debris from a dead neuron
|
|
|
Which type of glial cell produces mylen sheath in the CNS?
|
oligodendrocytes
|
|
|
What do microglia do?
|
1)They function as phagocytes
2) They protect the brain from invading microorganisms |
|
|
Which types of glial cells create mylen sheath in the PNS?
|
Schwann cells
|
|
|
What's the difference between an electrode and a micro electrode?
|
An electrode applies electrical stimulation while a micro electrode records activity
|
|
|
What is the membrane potential?
|
The electrical balance of the cell due to forces inside and outside the cell
|
|
|
What are the 2 ions that are primarily located in the extracellular fluid?
|
Na and Cl
|
|
|
Why is it that Na remains in greatest concentration outside the cell, despite both forces pushing it in?
|
The Na/K pump, which pushes out 3 Na ions for every 2 K ions
|
|
|
Once the threshold of excitation is reached in an AP, what happens to the membrane to cause the cell to depolarize?
|
opening of Na voltage-gated channels
|
|
|
What is a voltage-dependent ion channel?
|
an ion channel that opens or closes according to the value of the membrane potential
|
|
|
What does the all-or-none law state about an AP?
|
an AP either occurs or does not occur, and once triggered, it is transmitted down the axon to its end. It also remains the same size as it propogates
|
|
|
What does the rate law say about an AP?
|
More intense stimuli are represented by variations in the rate at which that axons fire (more intense stimuli produce a neuron to fire more, rather than bigger)
|
|
|
What is a postsynaptic potential?
|
a brief depolarization/hyperpolarization that increases/decreases the rate of firing of the axon of the postsyanptic neuron
|
|
|
What is a ligand?
|
a chemical that attaches to a binding site
|
|
|
How does neuotrasmitter release cause polarization changes in the postsynaptic cell?
|
1) the transmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft and attaches to binding sites of postsynaptic membrane
2) Once binded, the postsynaptic receptors open neurotransmitter-dependent ion channels, which permits the passage of specific ions into or out of the cell. The passage of ions causes a change in local membrane potential |
|
|
How do ionotropic receptors work?
|
when a transmitter binds to the receptor type, an ion channel opens
|
|
|
Describe the process of a metabotropic receptor.
|
1) transmitter binds with receptor
2) receptor activates G-protein 3) G-protein activates an enzyme that produces second messenger chemicals. 4) These second messengers attach themselves to ion channels |
|
|
What determines the rate at which an exon fires?
|
the relative activity of the excitatory and inhibitory synapses on the soma and dendrites of that cell
|
|
|
What is neural integration?
|
the interaction of the effects of excitatory and inhibitory synapses on a particular neuron
|
|
|
What are the 3 type of synapses?
|
1) axoaxonic
2) axodendretic 3) axosomatic |
|
|
What is an alternative term for anterior?
|
rostral
|
|
|
What is an alternative term for posterior?
|
caudal
|
|
|
What is the name of the protective sheath around the brain and spinal cord?
|
meninges
|
|
|
What are the 3 layers of the meninges, 1 being the outer most and 3 being the inner most?
|
1. dura matter- thick tough and flexible
2. arachnoid membrane- soft and spongy 3. pia matter |
|
|
What is the subarachnoid space?
|
The empty space between the arachnoid membrane and pia matter where the CSF is.
|
|
|
What are the largest ventricles called?
|
the 2 lateral ventricles
|
|
|
Which part of the brain produces CSF?
|
choroid plexus
|
|
|
List the subdivisions of the brain in order moving from the base of the brain toward the cortex.
|
1. myelencephalon
2. metencephalon 3. mesencephalon 5. diencephalon 6. telencephalon |
|
|
What are the 2 subdivisions of the hindbrain?
|
1. myelencephalon
2. metencephalon |
|
|
What are the 2 subdivisions of the forebrain?
|
1. diencephalon
2. telencephalon |
|
|
How does the cerebral cortex develop?
|
from the inside-out, where the deepest, innermost layer is first established. After that the second, outer layer is developed, etc.
|
|
|
What are progenitor cells?
|
cells in the ventricular zone that give rise to the cells of the brain.
|
|
|
What are radial glia?
|
first brain cells produces. Their cell bodies remain in the ventricular zone, but their fibers extend outward toward the outer layer of the cortex (what would be the outer layer of the cortex)
|
|
|
What are C-R cells?
|
These form at the terminal buttons of radial glia
|
|
|
What is the protein responsible for regulating brain size?
|
B-catenin
|
|
|
What are the names of the 3 types of convolutions of the brain?
|
1. sulci (small grooves)
2. Fissures (large grooves) 3. gyri (bulges between adjacent sulci or fissures) |
|
|
Does the cerebral cortex have gray mater of white matter? Why?
|
gray matter because it consists mostly of cell bodies and dendrites
|
|
|
Which fissure is most of the primary visual cortex located on?
|
the calcimine fissure
|
|
|
Which fissure is most of the auditory cortex located on?
|
upper surface of the lateral fissure
|
|
|
What are the 4 divisions of the cerebral cortex?
|
frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital
|
|
|
How is the frontal lobes location defined?
|
everything in front of the central sulcus
|
|
|
how is the parietal lobe's location defined?
|
just behind the central sulcus, caudal (posterior) to the frontal lobe
|
|
|
How is the temporal lobe's location defined?
|
at the base of the brain, ventral (beneath) the frontal and parietal lobes
|
|
|
How is the occipital lobe's location defined?
|
caudal to the parietal and temporal lobes
|
|
|
Where is the motor association cortex?
|
rostral to the primary motor cortex.
|
|
|
What does the motor association cortex do?
|
it controls the motor cortex
|
|
|
What is the name of the region of the frontal lobe rostral (behind) to the motor association cortex?
|
prefrontal cortex
|
|
|
What does the prefrontal cortex do?
|
involved in plans and stratagy
|
|
|
What are the 3 major parts of the basal ganglia?
|
caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus
|
|
|
What is a major function of the basal ganglia?
|
the control of movement
|
|
|
What region of the brain does most cerebral signals get sent to?
|
thalamus
|
|
|
What is the lateral geniculate nucleus
|
a set of neurons in the thalamus that receives info from the eye and sends it to the primary visual cortex.
|
|
|
What is the medial geniculate nucleus?
|
a set of neurons in the thalamus that receives info from the inner ear and sends it to the primary auditory cortex
|
|
|
What is the ventrolateral nucleus?
|
a set of neurons in the thalamus that receives info from the crerbellum and sends it to the primary motor cortex
|
|
|
What does the hypothalamus do?
|
it controls autonomic nervous system and endocrine system (behaviors related to survival).
|
|
|
What does the fornix do?
|
It's a bundle of axons that connects the hippocampus to other regions of the brain
|
|
|
What are some of the major parts of the limbic system?
|
1. Hippocampus
2. amygdala 3. fornix 4. mammillary bodies |
|
|
Where in the brain are hormones produced?
|
hypothalamus
|
|
|
How are hormones released by neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus get to the posterior pituitary gland?
|
they are carried there in vesicles by means of axoplasmic transport
|
|
|
What sensory system is the inferior colliculi involved in? What part of the brain is it in?
|
the auditory system. It is part of the tectum in the midbrain (mesencephalon)
|
|
|
What sensory system is the superior colliculi part of?
|
the visual system
|
|
|
What part of the brain is the reticular formation located in?
|
the tegmentum of the midbrain (mesencephalon)
|
|
|
What part of the brain is the cerebellum in?
|
the hindbrain (metencephalon)
|
|
|
What, generally, does the cerebellum do?
|
it integrates sensory info and produces motor outflow
|
|
|
what type of synapse modulates the release of neurotransmitters?
|
axoaxonic
|
