Physiological Psychology

Front 1

CNS and PNS

Back 1

Two branches of the Nervous system

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Brain and spinal cord

Back 2

Two parts of the CNS

Front 3

Autonomic NS and Somatic NS

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Two parts of the PNS

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Autonomic NS

Back 4

Controls self regulated action of internal organ and glands

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Parasympathic Nerves and Sympathetic Nerves

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Two parts of Autonomic NS

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Sympathetic Nerves

Back 6

Arousing

Front 7

Parasympathetic Nerves

Back 7

Calming

Front 8

Somatic NS

Back 8

Responsible for the sensory input & motor output (controls skeletal muscles)

Front 9

Autonomic NS

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consists of neurons that receive information from and send commands to the heart, intestines, and other organs.

Front 10

Sympathetic NS

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consists of chains of ganglia just to the left and right of the spinal cord's central regions (the thoracic and lumbar areas).

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Fight or flight

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These ganglia are connected by axons to the spinal cord. Sympathetic axons prepare the organs for____ increasing breathing and heart rate and decreasing digestive activity.

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Spinal Column

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Front 13

Parasympathetic NS

Back 13

Constricts pupil

Front 14

Parasympathetic NS

Back 14

Stimulates salivation

Front 15

Parasympathetic NS

Back 15

Constricts Bronchi, decreases heart rate

Front 16

Parasympathetic NS

Back 16

Stimulates digestive activity

Front 17

Parasympathetic NS

Back 17

Stimulates gallbladder

Front 18

Parasympathetic NS

Back 18

Inhibition of adrenaline production

Front 19

Parasympathetic NS

Back 19

Contracts bladder

Front 20

Parasympathetic NS

Back 20

Relaxes rectum

Front 21

Sympathetic NS

Back 21

Dilates pupil

Front 22

Sympathetic NS

Back 22

Inhibits salivation

Front 23

Sympathetic NS

Back 23

Relaxes bronchi, increases heart rate

Front 24

Sympathetic NS

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Inhibits digestive activity

Front 25

Sympathetic NS

Back 25

Stimulates glucose release by liver

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Sympathetic NS

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Stimulates epinephrine and norepinephrine release

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Sympathetic NS

Back 27

Relaxes bladder

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Sympathetic NS

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Orgasm, ejaculation, contracts rectum

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Spinal cord

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Most of PNS project from the

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Cranial nerves

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These nerves project from the brain

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diagnosis

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Functions of the various cranial nerves are commonly assessed by neurologists as a basis for

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I. Olfactory

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Smell(Identify odors with eyes closed)

Front 33

II. Optic Nerves

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Vision(Test peripheral vision with1 eye covered)

Front 34

III. Oculomotor Nerves

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Eye movement & pupillary reaction(Peripheral vision, eye chart, reaction to light)

Front 35

IV. Trochlear

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Eye movement

(Test ability to depress & adduct eye)

Front 36

V. Trigeminal

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Face sensation & mastication ( Face sensation & clench teeth)

Front 37

VI. Abducens

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Eye movement (Test ability to abduct eye past midline)

Front 38

VII. Facial

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Facial muscles & taste (Close eyes & smile; detect various & tastetastes-sweet, sour, salty, bitter)

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VIII. Vestibulocochlear (Acoustic)

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Hearing & Balance (Hearing; feet together, eyes open/closed 5sec; test for past-pointing

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IX. Glossopharyngeal

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Swallow, voice, gag reflex (swallow and say "ahh" . Use tongue depressor to elicit gag reflex)

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X. Vagus

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Swallow, Voice, Gag Reflex (swallow and say "ahh" . Use tongue depressor to elicit gag reflex)

Front 42

XI. Spinal Accessory

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SCM & Trapezius (Rotate/SB neck; shrug shoulders)

Front 43

XII. Hypoglossal

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Tongue movement

[Protrude tongue (watch for lateraldeviation)]

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Somatic NS

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Consists of a network of nerves that connect either to sensory receptors or to muscles that you can move voluntarily, such as muscles in your limbs, back, neck, and chest

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Somatic NS

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Consists of afferent and efferent neurons

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Meninges

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CNS encased In bone andcovered by three

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Dura mater

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Tough outer membrane

Front 48

Arachnoid membrane

Back 48

Web-like

Front 49

Pia Mater

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Adheres to CNS surface

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Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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Fluid serves as cushion

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Blood brain barrier

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tightly-packed cells of blood vessel walls prevent entry of many molecules

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Blood brain barrier

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Chemical protection

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Physical protection

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Skull, meninges, CSF

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Nucleus

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Controls the entire neuron

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Axon

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Transfers signals toother cells and organs

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Myelin Sheath

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Increases the speed of the signal

Front 57

Axon Terminal

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Forms junctions with other cells

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Dendrites

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Receive signals from other cells

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Cell Body

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Organizes and keeps the cell functional

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Cell membrane

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Protects the cell

Front 61

Axon hillock

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Generates impulse in the neuron

Front 62

Node of Ranvier

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Allow diffusion of ions

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Schwann Cell

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Produces the myelin sheath

Front 64

Unipolar neuron, Bipolar neuron, Multipolar neuron, multipolar interneuron

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Classes of Neurons

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Glial cells

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Nourish and insulate neurons toprevent interference from otherelectrical signals

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Glial cells

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Direct the growth of neurons, andsupport mature neurons

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Glial cells

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Removes waste products that influence that growth of neurons

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Microglia

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They respond to injury ordisease by multiplyingengulfing cellular debris,and triggering inflammatoryresponses

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Astrocytes

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largest glial cells

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Astrocytes

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allowing the passage of somechemicals from the blood intoCNS neurons and in blockingother chemicals

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Astrocytes

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shown to send and receivesignals from neurons and otherglial cells,

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Astrocytes

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Modulate neural activity

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Astrocytes

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Control and maintain thesynapses

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Astrocytes

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Maintain function of axons

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Oligodendrocytes

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are glial cells with extensions that wrap around the axons of some neurons of the central nervous system.

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Forebrain (prosencephalon), Midbrain(Mesencephalon), Hindbrain(Rhombencephalon)

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Three Primary Brain Vesicles

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Telencephalon,Diencephalon, Mesencephalon, Metencephalon, Myelencephalon

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Five secondary brain vesicles

Front 78

Cerebrum

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In the Telencephalon is

Front 79

Eye cup, Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Epithalamus

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In the Diencephalon are

Front 80

Midbrain

Back 80

In the Mesencephalon is

Front 81

Pons, Cerebellum

Back 81

In the Metencephalon is

Front 82

Medulla Oblongata

Back 82

In the Myelencephalon is

Front 83

Telencephalon, Diencephalon

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Forebrain is broken down into

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Mesencephalon

Back 84

Midbrain is broken into

Front 85

Metencephalon, Myelencephalon

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Hindbrain is broken into

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Myelencephalon

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composed largely of tracts carryingsignals between the rest of thebrain and the body.

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Reticular Formation

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includes a group of cells that control vital reflexes, such as respiration, heart rate, and blood pressure.

Front 88

FOR YOUR INFORMATION

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Front 89

Pons

Back 89

means bridge. A bridge to interconnect messages between the spinal cord and the brain.

Front 90

Pons

Back 90

makes chemicals involved in sleep

Front 91

Cerebellum

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Involved in coordinating motor movements but not in initiating, voluntary movements.

Front 92

Cerebellum

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Also involved in performing timed motor responses,such as those in playing games orsports, and in automatic reflexive learning, such as blinking the eye.More recently, it is related to cognitive functions ex. Decision making and language

Front 93

Mesencephalon

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reward pleasure center which is stimulated by food, sex, money,music, looking at attractive faces,and some drugs, has areas for visual and auditory reflexes, such as automatically turning your head toward a noise.

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Thalamus

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involved in receiving sensory information, doing some initial processing, and the relaying the sensory information to areas of the cortex

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Hypothalamus

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-lregulates many motivational behaviors, including,eating, drinking, sexual responses,emotional behaviors, such as arousing the body when fighting or fleeing.

Front 96

Hypothalamus

Back 96

It controls the autonomic nervous system

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Telencephalon

Back 97

responsible for an incredible number of complex functions. Learning and memory, speaking and language, emotional responses, experiencing sensations, initiating voluntary movements, planning and making decisions.

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Occipital Lobe

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Processing visual information, which includes seeing colors and perceiving and recognizing objects, animals, and people.

Front 99

Primary Visual Cortex

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which is located at the very back of the occipital lobe.

Front 100

Primary Visual Cortex

Back 100

receives electrical signals from receptors in the eyes and transforms these signals into meaningless basic visual sensations, such as lights, lines, shadows, colors, textures.

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Visual Association Area

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transforms basic sensations into complete meaningful visual perceptions such as persons, objects or animals

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Temporal Lobe

Back 102

Located directly below the parietal lobe

Front 103

Temporal Lobe

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Involves in hearing, speaking coherently, and understanding verbal and written material

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Broca's Area

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located at the left temporal lobe, necessary for combining sounds into words and arranging words into meaningful sentences (Speech production).

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Paul Broca

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Termed the Broca's area

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Wernicke's Area

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left temporal lobe. Necessary for speaking incoherent sentences and for understanding speech (language comprehension, interpretation)

Front 107

Primary Auditory Cortex

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receives electrical signals from receptors in the ears and transforms these signals into meaningless sound sensations, such as vowels and consonants (Individual sounds, noises, clicks)

Front 108

Auditory Association Area

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transforms basic sensory information such as noises or sounds, into recognizable auditory information such as words or music.

Front 109

Parietal Lobe

Back 109

Located behind the frontal lobe.

Front 110

Parietal Lobe

Back 110

Functions in processing sensory information from body parts, which includes touching, locating positions of limbs, and feeling temperature and pain, and attending to perceiving and analyzing objects in space.

Front 111

Motor Cortex

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located at the back edge of the frontal lobe. Involved in the initiation of all voluntary movements. Right controls left, left controls right. Damage: disruption of personality,emotional swings, attention, remembering decision making, planning and organizing

Front 112

Frontal Lobe

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Largest of the brain's four lobes. Located at the front part of the brain

Front 113

Frontal Lobe

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Functions: performing voluntary movements, interpreting and performing emotional behaviors behaving normally in social situations, maintaining a healthy personality, paying attention to things in the environment, making decisions, and executing plans

Front 114

Frontal Lobe

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Because the ____ is involved in making decisions, planning, reasoning, and carrying out behaviors, it is said to have executive functions, much like the duties of a company's executive officer.

Front 115

Phineas Gage

Back 115

The case of Phineas Gage

Front 116

Telecenphalon(Cerebrum)

Back 116

-Conscious thought processes, Intellectual functions

-Memory storage and processing

-Conscious and subconscious regulation of skeletal muscle contractions

Front 117

Diencephalon

Back 117

-THALAMUS(Relay and processing centers for sensory information)

-HYPOTHALAMUS(Centers controlling emotions, autonomic functions, and hormone production)

Front 118

Mesencephalon(Midbrain)

Back 118

Processing of visual and auditory data, generation of reflexive somatic motor responses, Maintenance of consciousness

Front 119

Metencephalon (Cerebellum)

Back 119

Coordinates complex somatic motor patterns, adjusts output of other somatic motor centers in brain and spinal cord

Front 120

Metencephalon (Pons)

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Relays sensory information to cerebellum and thalamus, Subconscious somatic and visceral motor centers

Front 121

Myelencephalon (Medulla Oblongata)

Back 121

Relays sensory Information to thalamus, Autonomic centers for regulation of visceral functions suchas cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive activities