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105 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Anterior
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Front (nose end)
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Posterior
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Back
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Dorsal
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Top
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Ventral
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Bottom
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Lateral
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Outside
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Medial
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In the middle
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Horizontal slice
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Lying flat
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Anterior slice
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Cutting along hemispheres
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Coronal slice
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Cutting vertically from ear to ear
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left hemisphere functions
(4) |
Language
Math Logical thinking Local details |
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right hemisphere functions
(5) |
Spacial skills
Face recognition Visual imagery Music Global picture |
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substantia nigra
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Movement
Parkinson's disease Should be black |
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periaqueductal grey
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Donut
Opiates Pain relief |
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ventral tegmental area
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Addiction
Dopamine Important for reinforcement learning |
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reticular formation
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Arousal and wakefulness
Sleep |
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Hippocampus
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Forms new memories
Grey matter Part of temporal lobe |
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Amygdala
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Emotion
Means "almond" Next to hippocampus |
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Basal ganglia
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Medial
Grey matter Movement and skill learning Gets input from substantia nigra 1.Caudate 2.Putamen 3.Globus pallidus 4.Subthalamus 5.Substantia nigra |
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Hypothalamus
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"Under" thalamus
Autonomic nervous system 4 F's -feeding -fighting -fleeing -f*&#ing Controls "drives" |
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Pituitary gland
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"Master gland"
Regulates body's hormones creates hormones that go to other gjands and tell them what to do Gets info from hypothalamus |
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Frontal lobe
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Prefrontal area
Motor area Premotor area Executive functioning Primary Motor Cortex Speech output |
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Temporal Lobe
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Visual object recognition
Primary Auditory & Association Cortex -speech (Wernicke's Area) -Music/Sounds Learning & memory Fusiform Gyrus -face recognition |
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Occipital lobe
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Vision
Cortical blindness -"blindsight" Primary Visual Cortex |
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Parietal Lobe
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Touch
Primary Somatosensory & Association Cortex Spatial Skills |
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Cerebellum
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Coordinated movement, balance
Integrating sensory info Lots of GABA receptors -very affected by alcohol |
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Medulla
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Cranial nerves
Heart beat Breathing |
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Corpus callosum
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Bundle of axons
Connects hemispheres |
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Thalamus
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"Relay station"
Gets info from sensory system, processes it, and sends it to other parts of brain All senses except smell |
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Saltatory conduction
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Action potential
Charge jumps from node to node via myelinated axons |
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Pons
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Holds part of reticular formation
Cranial nerves Relay station for info before being sent around cortex |
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CT scan
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X-ray of brain
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MRI scan
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Clear picture of detailed part of brain
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EEGs & ERPs
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Electrical activity/brain waves
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SPECT & PET
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Radioactive tracers ingested
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fMRI
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Movie of brain
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Central Nervous System
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Brain
Spinal cord |
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Peripheral Nervous System
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Peripheral nerves
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Neuron
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Cell in nervous system
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Nerve
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Bundle of axons in PNS
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Tract
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Bundle of axons in CNS
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Ganglion
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Group of cell bodies in PNS
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Nucleus
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Group of cell bodies in CNS
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Glial cells
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Support cells
Astrocytes Microglia Oligodendrocytes Schwann cells |
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Astrocytes
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Mom of NS
Structure Clean up Food and chemical production Blood brain barrier |
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Microglia
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Cleans up dead neurons
Immune response Excess means something might be wrong |
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Oligodendrocytes
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Form myelin in CNS
Multiple axons per oligodendrocyte |
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Schwann cells
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Form myelin in PNS
One axon per Schwann cell |
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Neurons
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Sensory
Motor Interneurons |
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Sensory neurons
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Receives input from sensory organs and sends to CNS
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Motor neurons
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Sends output from CNS to muscles and glands
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Interneurons
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Sends info between neurons within the CNS
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Efferent
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Exit
Message that is leaving/being sent |
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Afferent
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Approach
Message that is approaching/being received |
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Action Potential Basics
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Ions moving in and out of cells
Threshold for firing All or none Refractory period Only goes one direction Takes energy to return to rest |
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Resting potential
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Pump maintains distribution of ions
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Depolarization
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Change in charge that makes the inside less negative
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Action Potential Mechanism
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Inside is negative at rest
Na rushes in K rushes out Refractory period Energy required to return to resting state |
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Synaptic Transmission
(5 steps) |
1. Synthesis
2. Storage 3. Release 4. Receptor interaction 5. Termination |
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Vesicle
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Package for neurotransmitters
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Receptors
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Proteins embedded in membrane
Lock and key fit Ionotropic and Metabotropic |
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Ionotropic receptors
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Neurotransmitter lets ions flow through
Sends message quickly Very specific Short duration |
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Metabotropic
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Not an ion channel
Neurotransmitter binds to receptor, then tells another channel to open Can send message to multiple ion channels Slower Longer duration |
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Excitatory
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Tells next cell to go
1. Na+ or Ca2+ ions enter cell 2. Causes depolarization (EPSP) 3. Causes action potential |
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Inhibitory
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Tells next cell to stop
1. Lets K+ out or Cl- in 2. Causes hyperpolarization (IPSP) 3. Stops/prevents action potential |
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Neural integration
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Sum of excitation and inhibition
Determines whether neuron will fire |
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NMDA Glutamate receptor
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If glutamate binds, channel is blocked by Magnesium, so charge has to be right to move Mg
Na+ and Ca2+ can flow through Glutamate is excitatory Important for learning |
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Drug onset rates
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(Fastest to slowest)
1. Intravenous 2. Smoked 3. Intranasal 4. Oral |
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Blood Brain Barrier
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Keeps toxins out of brain
Passive diffusion Active transport |
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Passive diffusion
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Molecules enter BBB directly
Fatty molecules Small molecules -alcohol, oxygen, carbon dioxide |
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Active transport
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Precurser molecules enter BBB
Glucose L-DOPA -precurser to dopamine -used to treat Parkinson's Choline |
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What can't get past the BBB?
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Large molecules
Charged molecules Dopamine |
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Agonists
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Increases neurotransmission
Direct -Binds to same spot as neurotransmitter Indirect -Increases neurotransmission another way |
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Antagonists
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Decreases neurotransmission
Produces opposite effect Caffeine blocks sleepy feeling Direct -Prevents neurotransmitter from binding by blocking keyhole Indirect (noncompetitive) -Prevents neurotransmission in a different way, like a second lock |
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PCP
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Blocks glutamate
Antagonist Glutamate may be important for schizophrenia |
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Alcohol
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GABA indirect agonist
-GABA is inhibitory, involved in sleepiness NMDA glutamate indirect antagonist -important in forming memories |
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Stimulants
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Dopamine indirect agonist
-Cocaine blocks reuptake -Amphetamines enhance release (reverse reuptake pump) |
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Opiates
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Direct agonist for endorphins
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Marijuana
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CB1 direct agonist
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Meninges
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Membranes that cover/protect brain and spinal cord
Three layers: 1. Dura mater 2. Arachnoid membrane (subarachnoid space with CSF) (arachnoid trabeculae) 3. Pia mater (brain surface) |
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Somatic Nervous System
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Part of PNS
Voluntary sensory and motor Cranial nerves Spinal nerves |
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Autonomic Nervous System
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Part of PNS
Involuntary Sympathetic Parasympathetic |
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Cranial Nerves
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12 nerve pairs at the base of the brain control:
-Face and neck muscles -Taste, tongue movement -Vision, eye movements -Hearing, balance -Internal organs |
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Spinal Nerves
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Come from spine
Cauda equina -Group of nerves that come out of the bottom of the spinal cord Each part of the spine controls part of the body |
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Spinal Cord
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Spinal Nerves
Meninges Vertebra Discs (help cushion) Afferent sensory fibers Efferent motor fibers Grey matter (in middle) White matter (on outside) |
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Afferent sensory fibers
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Spinal cord
Come in through back (dorsal) Cell bodies are just outside spinal cord and send axons in |
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Efferent motor fibers
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Spinal cord
Go out through front (ventral) Cell bodies are in spinal cord and send axons out into body |
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Sympathetic Nervous System
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Nerves in middle of spinal cord
-Thoracic and lumbar Sympathetic chain -Synapse group near base of spinal cord |
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Parasympathetic Nervous System
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Nerves come out of top and bottom of spinal cord (cranial and sacral)
Synapses with nerve cells that go close to organs |
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Gyrus
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Hill in the brain
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Sulcus
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Valley in the brain
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Ventricles
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Holes in brain
Makes Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF) |
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White matter
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Myelin
Around middle of brain |
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Grey matter
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Cell bodies
Around edges of brain |
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Cerebral cortex
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Outer grey matter
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Executive Functioning
(Prefrontal area) |
Planning
Judgment and decision making Flexible thinking and problem solving Impulse control |
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Broca's Area
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Left hemisphere
Frontal lobe Speech output |
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Wernicke's Area
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Left hemisphere
Temporal lobe language comprehension |
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Primary Motor Area
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Single gyrus
Involved in controlling movement Somatosensory Cortex is next to it in the Parietal lobe |
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Forebrain
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Cerebral cortex
Basal ganglia Limbic system Thalamus Hypothalamus |
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Midbrain
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Tectum
Tegmentum |
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Hindbrain
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Cerebellum
Pons Medulla |
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Brain Stem
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Includes part of midbrain and part of hindbrain
Diencephalon Responsible for basic functioning |
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Tectum
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Superior colliculus (vision)
Inferior colliculus (hearing) Separate from usual seeing/hearing pathways Non-detailed vision |
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Tegmentum
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Substantia nigra
Periaqueductal grey matter Ventral tegmental area Reticular formation |
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Limbic System
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Involved in emotion and memory
Hippocampus Amygdala Cingulate gyrus Fornix Mamillary bodies |
