Physiological Approaches To Personality

Front 1

bodily-fluid theory

Back 1

the amounts of four fluids present in the body determined personality.

Front 2

examples of physiological systems

Back 2

nervous system, cardiac system, musculoskeletal system

Front 3

Sheldon's physiological approach to personality

Back 3

body type determined personality.
Ectomorph (skinny): Thoughtful, introverted
Mesomorph (muscular): Assertive, bold
Endomorph (fat): Sociable, fun-loving

Front 4

results of Sheldon's approach

Back 4

later research Failed to replicate. did not use blind ratings
Some work suggesting relationship between body type and job choice

Front 5

electrodes

Back 5

the most common physiological measures in personality research.
sensors placed on the surface of a participant's skin

Front 6

3 psychological measures of electrodoes

Back 6

electrodermal activity, cardiovascular measures, activity in the brain

Front 7

what can Electrodermal activity measure

Back 7

due to increased sweat with arousal, skin conductance of electricity increases. used to measure anxiety and neuroticism

Front 8

Cardiovascular activity

Back 8

Blood pressure, heart rate

Front 9

Cardiac reactivity

Back 9

greater than normal increase in blood pressure and heart rate when performing task

Front 10

Type A personality traits

Back 10

impatience, competitiveness, hostility

Front 11

Brain activity

Back 11

Brain spontaneously produces small amounts of electrical activity that can be measured by electrodes on scalp —electroencephalograph (EEG)

Front 12

Evoked potential technique

Back 12

uses EEG, but the participant is given a stimulus and the researcher assess specific brain response to stimulus

Front 13

fMRI

Back 13

use to show which portion of the brain is active while the person is performing a particular task

Front 14

Extraversion-Introversion can be measure with what

Back 14

Measured by Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ)

Front 15

High extraversion

Back 15

Talkative, outgoing, likes meeting new people and going to new places, active, bored easily, hates routine

Front 16

Low extraversion (introversion)

Back 16

Quiet, withdrawn, prefers being alone or with a few friends to large crowds, prefers routines, prefers familiar to unexpected

Front 17

Eysenck’s theory

Back 17

Introverts have a higher level of activity in the brain’s ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)than extraverts

Front 18

Eysenck’s theory about ARAS

Back 18

Research indicates that introverts and extraverts are NOT at different resting levels, but introverts ARE more reactive to moderate levels of stimulation than extraverts
This work led Eysenck to revise his theory—the difference between introverts and extraverts lies in arousability, not in baseline arousal

Front 19

Eysenck’s theory on performance

Back 19

Introverts and extraverts perform task best under their chosen stimulation level, poor when performing under a stimulation level chosen by other group

Front 20

Jeffrey Gray's 2 hypothesized biological systems in the brain

Back 20

Behavioral Activation System (BAS)
Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS)

Front 21

Behavioral Activation System (BAS)

Back 21

Responsive to incentives (cues to reward) and regulates approach behavior

Front 22

Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS)

Back 22

Responsive to cues to punishment, frustration, uncertainty, and motivates ceasing, inhibiting, or avoidance behavior

Front 23

Active BIS vs. Active BAS

Back 23

Active BIS produces anxiety
Active BAS produces impulsivity

Front 24

According to Gray, impulsive people do not learn well from what

Back 24

punishment because of weak BIS; learn better from reward—supported by research

Front 25

Integration with Eysenck’s model;
Impulsive =
Anxious =

Back 25

Impulsive = high extraversion, moderate neuroticism;
Anxious = moderate introversion, high neuroticism

Front 26

Sensation seeking

Back 26

Tendency to seek out thrilling, exciting activities, take risks, avoid boredom

Front 27

Sensory Deprivation

Back 27

Persons in sensory deprived environments appear motivated to acquire ANY sensory input, even if ordinarily such input would be perceived as boring

Front 28

Hebb's Theory of optimal level of arousal

Back 28

people are motivated to reach an optimal level of arousal

Front 29

Zuckerman's Reasearch

Back 29

High sensation seekers are less tolerant of sensory deprivation; require much stimulation to get to optimal level of arousal

Front 30

Zuckerman’s Sensation Seeking Scale

Back 30

Moderate positive correlation between extraversion and sensation seeking

Front 31

Physiological basis for sensation seeking

Back 31

Neurotransmitters
Monoamine Oxidase (MAO)

Front 32

Neurotransmitters

Back 32

chemicals in nerve cells are responsible for the transmission of nerve impulse from one cell to another

Front 33

Monoamine Oxidase (MAO)

Back 33

enzyme that maintains a proper level of neurotransmitters

Front 34

Relation between Neurotransmitters and MAO

Back 34

Too little MAO = too much neurotransmitter; too much MAO = too little neurotransmitter

Front 35

Levels of MAO for high sensation seekers

Back 35

High sensation seekers have low levels of MAO, producing a need for stimulation to reach the optimal level of arousal

Front 36

Dopamine

Back 36

Associated with pleasure

Front 37

Serotonin

Back 37

Associated with depression and other mood disorders

Front 38

Norepinepherine

Back 38

Associated with fight or flight response

Front 39

Cloninger’s Tridimensional Personality Model: Novelty seeking, Harm avoidance, Reward dependence

Back 39

Novelty seeking—low levels of dopamine
Harm avoidance—low levels of serotonin
Reward dependence—low levels of norephinepherine

Front 40

Being a “morning-type” or “evening-type” is dut to what

Back 40

Due to differences in underlying biological rhythms

Front 41

when do individuals with shorter circadian rhythms hit their peaks

Back 41

hit peak body temperature and alertness earlier in day, get sleepy earlier, than individuals with longer rhythm

Front 42

Individuals with shorter rhythm _____; individuals with longer rhythms _______

Back 42

Individuals with shorter rhythm tend to be morning persons; individuals with longer rhythms tend to be evening persons

Front 43

Left frontal hemisphere is more active than the right when a person is experiencing _____; right is more active than left with ______

Back 43

Left frontal hemisphere is more active than the right when a person is experiencing pleasant emotions; right is more active than left with unpleasant emotions

Front 44

Use of EEG

Back 44

can measure brain waves, such as alpha wave—an inverse indicator of brain activity