Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
271 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
which of the following is the cell membrane MOST permeable to?
A. sodium B. calcium C. potassium D. chloride E. water |
E. water
|
|
|
the most appropriate term for referring to one X+ and one Y- leaving the cell in an ATP-dependant process is?
A. facilitated diffusion B. non-electrogenic activity symport C. hyperpolaricing active symport D. depolarizing active antiport E. passive diffiusion |
B. non-electrogenic active symport
|
|
|
which of the following would tend to decrease the rate of movement of X between two compartments separated by a membrane?
A. decreased hydration sphere for X B. heating the solutions ing ehcompartments C. decrease the thinkness of the membrane D. increase the surface area ofht e membrane E. increase the vander waals forces int ehmembrane(viscosity) |
E. increase the vander waals forces int ehmembrane(viscosity)
|
|
|
you add a protein to the extracellular fluid bathing a cell and later find the protein in the intracellular fluid. the most likely way the protein got into the cell was by?
A. exocytosis B. phagocytosis C. pinocytosis D. high-affinity reuptake E. passive diffusion |
B. phagocytosis
|
|
|
the nernst equation is derived from?
A. the goldman equation B. fick's law C. the second law of thermodynamics D. the gibbs-donnan equilibrium E. ohm's law |
C. the second law of thermodynamics
|
|
|
the ion most involved in determining resting membrane potential is?
A. potassium B. sodium C. calcium D. phosphate E. bicarbonate |
A. potassium
|
|
|
in comparison to adults, calcium turnover in children's bons...
A. is greater B. is less C. occurs priarily in the ends of long bones D. occurs primarly in cortical bone E. does not involve phosphate |
A. is greater
|
|
|
increased activity during childhood would tend to...
A. increase bone length B. increase bone thickness C. increase bone calcium D. all of the above E. A and B but not C |
E. A and B but not C
|
|
|
the majority of daily dietary calcium..
A. is incorporated into bone B. is lost in the feces C. is lost in the urine D. is trapped in the rapidly exchangable pool E. remains in extracellular fluid |
B. is lost in the feces
|
|
|
osteoblasts decrease the chance of exceeding solubility product inside the cell by...
A. forming phosphate esters B. pumping calcium into the osteoid C. activating alkaline phosphatase D. all the above E. A and B, but not C |
E. A and B, but not C
|
|
|
a protein found in both osteoblasts and osteoclasts is
A. alkaline phosphatase B. acid phosphatase C. carbonic anhydrase D. collagenase E. all the above |
C. carbonic anhydrase
|
|
|
maximum bone mass is reached at about age?
A. 3 B. 17 C. 25 D. 50 E. 70 |
C. 25
|
|
|
which of the following is FALSE?
A. the H zone decreases during contraction B. the I band decreases during contraction C. the A band decreases during contraction D. this filament length remains constant during contraction E. thick filament length stays constant during contraction |
C. the A band decreases during contraction.
|
|
|
which of the following would not be found in the thin filaments?
A. F-actin B. tropomyosin C. troponin C D. light chain myosin E. ADP |
D. light chain myosin
|
|
|
in the sliding filament theory, ATP is used to?
A. break existing crossbridges B. "Cock" the mysoin heads C. act as a binding site on the thin filaments D. all of the above E. A and B, but not C |
A and B , not C
|
|
|
a motor unit is?
A. a single muscle cell and the neurons which innervate it B. a single neuron and the muscle cells that it innervates C. the area of the skeletal muscle cell membrane at the synapse D. the group of muscle cells contracting during a muscle twitch E. the cortical neurons responsible for coordinatind a movement. |
B. a single neuron and the muscle cells that it innervates
|
|
|
which of the following is most likely to result if calseqwestrin is destroyed in a muscle cell?
A. increased muscle tone B. decreased contractile strength C. increased frequency of muscle action potentials D. destruction of t-tubules E. flaccid paralysis |
A. increased muscle tone
|
|
|
twitch tension exists after active contraction because of the presence of?
A. ATP B. the series elastic element C. action potential reverberation D. slow resequestration of calcium by the sarcoplasmic reticulm E. muscle being maintained |
D. slow resequestration of calcium by the sarcoplasmic reticulum
|
|
|
which type of muscle is characterized by large fiber size, no pacemaker potentials and fatigues easily?
A. fast twitch skeletal B. slow twitch skeletal C. single unit smooth D. multi-unit smooth E. cardiac |
A. fast twitch skeletal
|
|
|
smooth muscle contraction is regulated by?
A. calcium binding to troponin B. release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum C. phosphorylation of myosin by myosin light chain kiase D. calmodulin actication of myosin phosphatase E. all the above |
C. phosphorylation of myosin by myosin light chain kinase
|
|
|
which of the following is NOT seen to stimulate smooth muscle contraction?
A. acetylcholine B. norepinephrine C. strech D. depolarization of slow wave potentials E. all of the above will stimulate smooth muscle contraction |
E. all the above will stimulate smooth muscle contraction.
|
|
|
which muscle type is maintained below the peak of the length-tension curve?
A. fast teitch skeletal B. multi-unit smooth C. cardiac. D. single-unit smooth E. all of the above |
C. cardiac
|
|
|
which of the following is realesed in response to fat in the duodenum and stimulate the bladder contraction?
A. gastrin B. cholecystokinin C. secretin D. enterokinase E. GIP |
B. cholesystokinin
|
|
|
which of the following is correct?
A. multi unit smooth muscle is important in perstaltic contractions B. the stomach exhibits the lowest frequency of slow waves in the GI tract C. norepinephrine causes slow wave hyperpolarization in the GI tract D. sphincters consume much ATP in mantaining the eir contracted state E. the enteric nervous system contains only motor neurons |
C. norepinephrine causes slow wave hyperpolarization in the GI tract
|
|
|
which of the following is NOT an appropriate trigger for peristalsis?
A. local distension B. vagal innervation C. local irritation D. activation of the myinteric reflex E. all of the above |
E. all of the above
|
|
|
which reflex accounts for slowed stomach emptying as chyme enters the duodenum?
A. enterogastric B. gastrocolic reflex C. coloileal reflex D. myenterc reflex E. gastroileal reflex |
A. enterogasteric reflex
|
|
|
bicarbonate for neutralizing chyme acidity is primarily produced by?
A. duodenal enterocytes B. tubular epithelium of the pancreas C. hepatocytes D. pancreatic acinar cells E. oxyntic glands |
B. tubular epithelium of the pancreas
|
|
|
which of the following is FALSE regarding carbohydrate digestion?
A. digestive products are absorbed as disaccharides B. water accompanies absorption of sugars C. sodium accompanies absorption D. digeestion occures ing ehmouth, stomach and small intestine E. all the above |
A. digestive products are absorbed as disacharides
|
|
|
lipids which are absorded are initially transported in blood as?
A. micelles B. chylomicrons C. VLDLs D. LDLs E. HDLs |
B. chylomicrons
|
|
|
the reason that our cells have a membrane potential is?
A. the sodium/potassium pump creates it. B. proteins are primarily present in intracellular low C. calcium permeability D. the absence of electrogenic pumps in the cell membrane E. the osmotic imbalance between intra and extracellular fluids |
B. proteins are primarily present in intracellular fluid
|
|
|
which of the following has the LOWEST intracellular concentration?
A. potassium B. sodium C. calcium D. chloride E. phosphate |
C. calcium (.ooo1)
|
|
|
the process of taking up extracellular fluid into titracellular vesicles is called?
A. exocytosis B. pinocytosis C. phagocytosis D. symport E. antiport |
B. pinocytosis
|
|
|
an impermeable ion entering a cell along its electrochemical gradient will primarily do so by?
A. passive diffusion B. exocytosis C. active transport D. facilitated diffusion E. osmosis |
D. faciliated diffusion
|
|
|
sodium/potassium ATPase is an expamle of
A. an ATP-dependent pump B. an electrogenic pump C. antiport D. all the above E. A and B but not C |
D. all the above
|
|
|
the rate of diffusion across a membrane will be increased by all of the following EXCEPT?
A. increased concentration gradient B. increased membrane conductance C. increased temperature D. decreased membrane fluidity E. decreased membrane thickness |
B. increased membrane conductance
|
|
|
the NET diffusional force on an ion is?
A. the concentration gradient for the ion B. the valence of the ion and the membrane potential C. the Gibbs free energy on ion diffusion D. all the above E. A and B but not C |
C. the Gibbs free energy of diondiffusion
|
|
|
at rest, the cell membrane is most permeable to?
A. bicarbonate B. chloride C. calcium D. sodium E. potassium |
E. potassium
|
|
|
in order to calculate driving force on an ion, you need all of the following EXCEPT:
A. permeability for the ion B. intracellular concentration C. extracellular concentration D. temperature E. membrane potential |
D. temperature
|
|
|
the goldman equation is used to?
A. estimate mebrane relative permeabilities for ions B. estimate membrane potential C. determine intracellular ion concentrations D. determine the average driving force on all ions E. determine the amount of evergy released by average ion diffusion |
B. estimate membrane potential
|
|
|
a specific inhibitor of the sodium/potassium pump is?
A. ouabain B. tetrodotoxin C. tetuaethy lammonium D. curare E. botulinum toxin |
A. ouabain
|
|
|
bone receives about 5% of cardiac output (200-400 ml/min), which is less extensive than for cartilage.
A. the first clause is correct, and the second clause is correct B. the first clause is correct, but the second clause is incorrect C. the first clause is incorrect, and the second clause is incorrect D. the first clause is incorrect, but the second clause is correct E. the actual information listed in the sentence is still undermined |
A. the first clause is correct, and the second clause is correct
|
|
|
which of the following cells does NOT depend on bone marrow for production of that cell type?
A. osteoblasts B. osteoclasts C. erythrocytes D. lymphocytes E. platelets |
A. osteoblasts
|
|
|
peak body bone mass occurs around age?
A. 13 B. 18 C. 25 D. 40 E. 50 |
C. 25
|
|
|
the Gemini study linked _____to demineralization of bone
A. flight B. increased age C. low gravity D. low activity E. osteocyte antagonists |
D. low acticity
|
|
|
bone "remodeling"
A. occurs throught our life B. is the balance between bone synthesis and resorption C.is greatest is cancellous bone D. is greater in children than in adults E. all the above |
E. all the above
|
|
|
a plasma calcium concentration of 4 mM
A. is referred to as hypocalcemia B. would tend to promote bone resorption C. is most likely to be seen just before eating a meal D. would likley result in calcium phosphate precipitation E. is used in the treatment of stoke |
D. would likley result in calcium phosphate precipitation
|
|
|
most dietary calcium ends up in
A. the feces B. the urine C. extracellular fluid D. muscle E. bone |
A. the feces
|
|
|
most of the phosphate in our body is found in
A. mitochondria B. sarcoplasmic reticulum C. bone D. extracellular fluid E. ATP |
C. bone
|
|
|
collagen is present in bone to provide
A. compressive strength B. tensile strength C. elastic strength D. a permanent matrix for calcification E. cytoskeletal structure for osteoblasts |
B. tensile strength
|
|
|
which of the following hormones promotes bone growth by inhibiting resorption?
A. growth hormone B. thyroid hormon C. cortisol D. estrogen E. insulin |
D. estrogen
|
|
|
which of the following is implicated as a local signal in producing bone loss with periodontal disease?
A. prostaglandin E B. interleukin 1 C. tumor necrosis factor a D. integrin E. fibroblast growth factor 2 |
A. prostaglandin
|
|
|
the covalent crosslinks between collagen fibrils are formed by the enzyme
A. prolyl hydroxylase B. lysyl oxidase C. collagenase D. carbonic anhydrase E. thrombin |
B. lysyl oxidase
|
|
|
which of the following agents would NOT cause spastic paralysis?
A. carbachol B. curare C. physostigmine D. nerve gas E. methacholine |
B. curare
|
|
|
increasing the load prior to an isotonic twitch
A. decreases delay, decreases distance moved, and increases velocity of shortening B. increases delay, decreases didtance moved, and increases velocity of shortening C. decreases delay, increases distance moved, and decreases velocity of shortening D. increase delay, decrease distance moved, and decrease velocity of shortening E. increase delay, increases distance moved, and decreases velocity of shortening |
D. increases delay, decreases distance moved, and decreases velocity of shortening
|
|
|
which of the following would you NOT expect to be characteristic of muscle fibers in antigracity muscles?
A. many mitochondria B. myoglobin C. high glycogen D. slow myosin ATPase E. all of the above |
C. high glycogen
|
|
|
muscle fatigue and rigor mortis share what characteristic?
A. lack of stimulation B. low ATP levels C. low intracellular free calcium D. inhibition of crossbridge formation E. all of the above |
B. low ATP levels
|
|
|
summation of muscle twitch tension is possible even though muscle action potentials cannot summate because
|
A. calcium remains elevated longer than the duration of the muscle action potential
|
|
|
which is NOT a diference between skeletal and smooth muscle?
A. breadth of length-tension relationship B. maximal tension that can be developed C. presence of troponin D. inhibition of contraction by norepinephrine E. presence of slow waves |
B. maximal tension that can be developed
|
|
|
activation of myosin light-chain kinase
A. participates in skeletal muscle regulation of contraction B. results in inhibition of myosin ATPase C. would tend to increase the strength of contraction of smooth muscle D. is inhibited by calcium unbinding from calmodulin E. occurs when troponin binds to calcium |
D. is inhibited by calcium unbinding from calmodulin
|
|
|
which of the following is NOT a component of the thin filaments?
A. G-actin B. tropomyosin C. troponin C D. ADP E. all the above |
E. all the above
|
|
|
which of the following occurs immediately following the "power stroke"?
A. ATP binds to myosin B. ADP binds to myosin C. ADP unbinds from actin D. ATP is hydrolyzed by myosin E. ATP is hydrolyzed by actin |
D. ATP is hydrolyzed by myosin
|
|
|
transmission at the neuromuscular junction is primarily terminated by
A. washout B. high-affinity reuptake of acetylcholine C. high-affinity reuptake of choline D. catabolism by acetylcholine esterase E. catabolism by choline acetyl transferase |
D. catabolism by acetylcholine esterase
|
|
|
crossbridging occurs within the
A. z disc B. I band C. H zone D. A band E. M line |
D. A band
|
|
|
in skeletal muscle calcium binds to
A. tropomyosin B. myosin phosphorylase C. calmodulin D. troponin C E. troponin I |
D. troponin C
|
|
|
the combination of a neuron and the muscle cells it innervates is:
|
motor unit
|
|
|
a calcium-binding protein fornd in the sarcoplasmic reticulum is:
|
calsequesterin
|
|
|
1. During the period of after hyperpolarization following an action potential
Sodium permeability is lower than at rest Calcium permeability is elevated Potassium permeability is higher than at rest Chloride permeability is reduced All of the above |
Potassium permeability is higher than at rest
|
|
|
2. Which of the following is an effector?
Nicotinic cholinergic receptor Inositol triphosphate Acetylcholine Adenylate cyclase Calcium |
Acetylcholine
|
|
|
3. Which of the following increases membrane fluidity?
Longer fatty acid chains in phosphatidylcholine Fewer unsaturated fatty acids in spingomyelin Lower cholesterol content of the membrane All of the above. A and B, but not C |
Lower cholesterol content of the membrane
|
|
|
4. This bond type is more important than any other in holding components of a leaflet together:
Covalent Electrostatic Hydrogen Van der Waals B and C |
Van der Waals
|
|
|
5. The most abundant component in cells is/are:
Water Sugars Inorganic ions Fats Proteins |
Water
|
|
|
6. Presynaptic receptors:
Partially depolarize the nerve terminal Are usually used to decrease exocytosis of neurotransmitter Decrease the amount of calcium that enters a nerve terminal Usually decrease the responses of target cells to subsequent action potentials All of the above |
Are usually used to decrease exocytosis of neurotransmitter
|
|
|
8. Which statement is INCORRECT?
Water is the universal solvent of life Water is both an H bond donor and acceptor Water is uncharged Water stabilizes ions by forming electrostatic bonds All of the above are correct. |
All of the above are correct.
|
|
|
9. Calmodulin participates in
Protein anchoring Regulatory protein control Enzyme phosphorylation Proteolytic activation Feedback inhibition |
Regulatory protein control
|
|
|
10. Water
causes hydrophobic compounds to "clump" together acts as though it has both positive and negative charge is the most concentrated compound in life is a great source for hydrogen bonds All of the above |
All of the above
|
|
|
11. Cellular membranes
have a high concentration of proteins in mitochondrial membranes have a protein component which produces a barrier to diffusion can be classified as micelles have a lipid component which does the active work of the membrane All of the above |
have a high concentration of proteins in mitochondrial membranes
|
|
|
12. Which of the following would tend to increase membrane fluidity?
Decreased temperature Increased Van der Waals bonding Increased percentage of unsaturated fatty acids Increased cholesterol content All of the above |
Increased percentage of unsaturated fatty acids
|
|
|
13. Which of the following represents the most diverse group of compounds in cells?
Proteins Lipids Sugars Ions Water |
Proteins
|
|
|
14. An extracellular receptor signaling system
produces a second messenger requires a protein on the extracellular leaflet of the cell membrane may or may not require a G-protein requires an effector All of the above |
All of the above
|
|
|
15. The most rapid form of cell-to-cell communication is accomplished using
gap junctions hormones neurotransmitters autocrines paracrines |
gap junctions?
|
|
|
16. Calcium can exert effects in cells by
combining with calcium-binding proteins, which can then activate specific enzymes directly phosphorylating proteins inhibiting calmodulin inhibiting protein kinase C All of the above |
combining with calcium-binding proteins, which can then activate specific enzymes
|
|
|
17. Cyclic AMP
usually inhibits the activity of synthetic enzymes inhibits phosphoprotein phosphatase stimulates certain protein kinases causes protein phosphorylation All of the above |
causes protein phosphorylation
|
|
|
22. Which of the following is dependent on cellular energy?
Ionophore-mediated ionic movement Active transport Passive diffusion Facilitated diffusion More than one of the above |
Active transport
|
|
|
23. The Nernst potential:
is the membrane potential needed to counteract the concentration gradient of an ion is the summed electrical force contributing to the membrane potential by sodium, potassium and chloride is negative at rest for an ion changes during the course of an action potential is the concentration gradient of an ion at resting membrane potential |
is the membrane potential needed to counteract the concentration gradient of an ion
|
|
|
24. At rest:
PNa = PK = PCl PK > PCl > PNa PCl > PK > PNa PNa > PCl > PK PNa > PK > PCl |
PK > PCl > PNa
|
|
|
25. Which statement is INCORRECT regarding the depolarization phase of the action potential?
Sodium permeability is greater than potassium permeability Both gates in the voltage-gated sodium channels are open Potassium permeability is greater than at rest Voltage-gated potassium channels are opening All of the above are CORRECT |
All of the above are CORRECT
|
|
|
26. During the period of the afterhyperpolarization
the membrane potential is more negative than the resting membrane potential potassium permeability is lower than normal the sodium channel inactivation gates are closed a new action potential cannot be generated All of the above are correct |
the membrane potential is more negative than the resting membrane potential
|
|
|
27. Which of the following is true regarding facilitated diffusion?
1. It involves specific protein carrier molecules 2. It requires direct use of cellular energy (such as ATP) 3. It is involved with the movement of molecules down their electrochemical gradient 4. It only involves the movement of water across the membrane 1 and 3 2 and 3 2 and 4 1, 2 and 3 1, 2, 3 and 4 |
1 and 3
|
|
|
28. The membrane potential most closely resembles the Nernst potential of
1. the least permeable ion 2. the most permeable ion 3. potassium, when the neuron is at rest 4. sodium when the neuron is at rest 1 and 3 2 and 3 2 and 4 1, 2 and 3 1, 2, 3 and 4 |
2 and 3
|
|
|
29. The membrane potential most closely resembles the Nernst potential of
1. potassium, when the neuron is at rest 2. sodium, at the peak of the action potential 3. the most permeable ion 4. the least permeable ion 1 and 3 2 and 3 2 and 4 1, 2 and 3 1, 2, 3 and 4 |
1,2, and 3
|
|
|
30. When is the sodium activation gate closed and the inactivation gate open?
1. At rest 2. During the absolute refractory period 3. During the relative refractory period 4. During the depolarization phase of the action potential 1 and 3 2 and 3 2 and 4 1, 2 and 3 1, 2, 3 and 4 |
1 and 3
|
|
|
Which statement about saliva is INCORRECT?
* Parotid glands produce serous saliva containing amylase * The presence of mucin in saliva increases fricition between teeth * Lactoferin binds to iron and acts as an antibacterial agent * Proline-rich proteins bind phosphate and prevent precipitation of calcium phosphate * Viscous saliva is secreted by submandibular and sublingual glands |
The presence of mucin in saliva increases fricition between teeth
|
|
|
Which of the following tissues has the greatest capacity for gluconeogenesis?
* Liver * Brain * Heart * Adipose * Pancreas |
* Liver
|
|
|
Which organ produces Secretin?
* Saliva * Stomach * Duodenum * Pancreas * Liver |
* Duodenum
|
|
|
Segmentation contractions of the small intestine provide which primary function?
* Propulsion of contents through the gastrointestinal tract * Mixing of ingested material with gastrointestinal secretions * Bulk flow of gastrointestinal contents into the interstitium * Absorption of fats into the lymphatic system * Emptying of the gall bladder |
* Mixing of ingested material with gastrointestinal secretions
|
|
|
Dietary triglycerides are transported to the liver in the form of
* Micelles * Chylomicrons * Very low density lipoproteins * Low density lipoproteins * High density lipoproteins |
* Chylomicrons
|
|
|
Which component of saliva acts to buffer oral pH at neutrality?
* Statherin * Mucin * Bicarbonate * Histatius * Water |
* Bicarbonate
|
|
|
The majority of bile salts released by the gall bladder are
* Excreted in the feces * Metabolized by bacteria in the colon * Reabsorbed and transported in the portal circulation for reuse * Reabsorbed and transported in the lymphatics * Reabsorbed, metabolized in the liver and excreted in the kidneys |
* Reabsorbed and transported in the portal circulation for reuse
|
|
|
The most important gastric function of hydrogen ion secretion in the stomach is the
* Neutralization of ingested saliva * Direct hydrolyzation of ingested protein * Conversion of Pepsinogen to Pepsin * Stimulation of Enterokinase * Stimulation of Gastrin release |
* Conversion of Pepsinogen to Pepsin
|
|
|
Which of the following will tend to increase calcium absorption in the small intestine?
* Increased secretion of Intrinsic Factor * Increased secretion of 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol * Decreased secretion of Parathyroid Hormone * A high fat diet * A high protein diet |
* Increased secretion of 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol
|
|
|
Which of the following would be expected to be occurring at three hours of a fast?
* Increased fat synthesis * Decreased glycogen in the liver * Elevated plasma glucose * Inhibition of gluconeogenesis * Increased brain consumption of ketones |
* Decreased glycogen in the liver
|
|
|
Gallbladder emptying is stimulated by
* Neural reflex via the splanchnic nerve * Neural reflex via the enteric nervous system * Enterocrinin * Cholecystokinin * Enterokinase |
* Cholecystokinin
|
|
|
Taurocholate and glycocholate are involved in the absorption of
* Sugars * Amino acids * Fatty acids * Nucleic acids * Glycerol |
* Fatty acids
|
|
|
Which of the following observations supports the hypothesis that saliva production is an active process?
* Vasodilation occurs in salivary glands during saliva secretion * Blood flow through salivary glands is increased during salivation * Blood flow is decreased to salivary glands during salivation * Salivation stops when pressure in the salivary duct is equal to arterial blood pressure * Salivation continues when salivary duct pressure is greater than arterial blood pressure |
* Salivation continues when salivary duct pressure is greater than arterial blood pressure
|
|
|
Which of the following is a result of the enterogastric reflex?
* Increased gastric secretion * Increased gastric motility * Increased intestinal motility * Decreased gastric motility * Decreased intestinal motility |
* Decreased gastric motility
|
|
|
Which of the following plays a major role in decreasing shear forces in the mouth?
* Mucin * Exasin * Lectin * Lactoferin * Histasius |
* Mucin
|
|
|
Which of the following proteins is involved in calcium phosphate regulation in saliva?
* Histasius * Adhesin * Lectin * Statherin * Mucin |
* Statherin
|
|
|
An important reason for regulating calcium and phosphate in the mouth is because
* high levels cause the pH of the mouth to become acidic * precipitation of calcium phosphate causes calculus * bacteria require calcium and phosphate for growth * if calcium levels are too high, tooth enamel becomes too thick * All of the above |
* precipitation of calcium phosphate causes calculus
|
|
|
Many of the different types of proteins found in saliva assist in
* lubrication * antibacterial and antifungal functions * transporting trace elements into the gut * neutralizing pH * digesting starch |
* antibacterial and antifungal functions
|
|
|
Which of the following statements about saliva and salivary glands is correct?
* Epinephrine inhibits amylase secretion by parotid glands by decreasing cAMP * Dry food will inhibit salivation * Potassium iodide and mercury are excreted, in part, by incorporation into saliva * Salivary mucopolysaccharides are important as salivary buffers * Saliva increases shearing forces between teeth |
* Potassium iodide and mercury are excreted, in part, by incorporation into saliva
|
|
|
Which of the following is NOT secreted by the pancreas?
* Lipase * Trypsinogen * Chymotrypsinogen * Enterokinase * Procarboxypeptidase |
* Enterokinase
|
|
|
Which of the following is secreted in its active form?
* Trypsin * Chymotrypsin * Carboxypeptidase * Amylase * Pepsin |
* Amylase
|
|
|
What is the fate of most bile salts following their function in the small intestine?
* Excretion in the unmetabolized form in the feces * Excretion in the urine * Reabsorption and transport in the lymphatics * Reabsorption and transport in the portal circulation * Destruction by bacteria in the large intestine |
* Reabsorption and transport in the portal circulation
|
|
|
Which of the following enzymes breaks triacylglycerol into 4 fragments?
* Lipase * Glycerol kinase * Acyl CoA dehydrogenase * Acyl CoA synthase * ?-ketothiolase |
* Lipase
|
|
|
Which of the following contains ?-amylase in its secretion?
* Facial glands * Parotid glands * Sublingual glands * Submaxillary glands * Gastric glands |
* Parotid glands
|
|
|
Which of the following is a salivary component which helps to neutralize acids in the mouth?
* Mucin * Ammonia * Bicarbonate * Histidine * Statherin |
* Bicarbonate
|
|
|
Which of the following situations would generate ketosis?
* Fasting * Low fat diet * Low sodium diet * High carbohydrate diet * High water consumption |
* Fasting
|
|
|
Which of the following is INCORRECT regarding viscous saliva?
* Viscous saliva contains mucin * Viscous saliva is produced by submandibular glands * Viscous saliva is produced by sublingual glands * Viscous saliva contains amylase * All of the above are correct |
* Viscous saliva contains amylase
|
|
|
Alkaline salivary pH is important because
* it makes saliva "slippery", decreasing friction between teeth * it accentuates calcium phosphate deposition on teeth * it decreases calculus formation * acidic pH makes our mouth feel soapy * evasins are neutralized at high pH |
* it decreases calculus formation
|
|
|
Which of the following is a salivary protein which provides saliva with an antifungal function?
* Mucin * Immunoglobulin * Histatius * Lysozymes * Lactoferin |
* Histatius
|
|
|
Calcium and phosphate regulation in saliva
* is important for maintaining calcium in a saturated state * promotes catabolism of starch by amylase * accelerates decalcification of enamel * is carried out in part by statherin, which binds calcium * All of the above are correct |
* is important for maintaining calcium in a saturated state
|
|
|
Which of the following is the most potent inhibitor of gastric emptying?
* Water * Fats * Carbohydrates * Proteins * Vitamins |
* Fats
|
|
|
Trypsinogen is activated by
* the acidity of the stomach * pepsin * enterokinase * chymotrypsin * cholecystokinin |
* enterokinase
|
|
|
Which of the following is NOT produced by the pancreas?
* Elastase * Lipase * Amylase * Pepsinogen * Trypsinogen |
* Pepsinogen
|
|
|
The primary cause of duodenal ulcers is
* excess gastric acid secretion * decreased pancreatic bicarbonate secretion * excess pancreatic acid secretion * decreased gastric bicarbonate secretion * helicobacter pylori |
* helicobacter pylori
|
|
|
The most common cause of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is
* gastric dysmotility * lower esophageal sphincter incompetence * excess histamine secretion * obesity * stenosis of the pyloric sphincter |
* lower esophageal sphincter incompetence
|
|
|
Dietary fatty acids initially enter the circulatory system as
* Fatty acids * High density lipoproteins * Chylomicrons * Low density lipoproteins * Very low density lipoproteins |
* Chylomicrons
|
|
|
A lipoprotein containing Apo48, Apo CII and ApoE would be a
* Chylomicron * Chylomicron remnant * VLDL * LDL * HDL |
* Chylomicron
|
|
|
Which of the following is NOT a primary function of high density lipoprotein?
* Scavenge cholesterol from dying cells * Transport fatty acids to the cells of the body * Donate ApoCII to VLDLs * Donate ApoE to chylomicrons * Donate ApoE to VLDLs |
* Transport fatty acids to the cells of the body
|
|
|
Which of the following is a bile acid?
* Chenodeoxycholic acid * Mevallonic acid * Phosphatidyl choline * Coprostanol * Lanosterol |
* Chenodeoxycholic acid
|
|
|
Which of the following is a sympathetic effect on carbohydrate metabolism?
* Epinephrine directly stimulates glucose uptake by target cells * Epinephrine stimulates the release of insulin * Epinephrine stimulates glycogenolysis in the liver * Epinephrine directly inhibits release of glucagon * Glucose transport in the liver is dependent on the presence of epinephrine |
* Epinephrine stimulates glycogenolysis in the liver
|
|
|
Sympathetic discharge to the gastrointestinal tract can produce
* Decreased motility * Increased gastric secretion of HCl * Increased pancreatic secretion * Contraction of the gall bladder * Relaxation of the external anal sphincter |
* Decreased motility
|
|
|
Pancreatic alpha cells secrete
* Secretin * Cholecystokinin * Insulin * Glucagon * Carboxypeptidase |
* Glucagon
|
|
|
The pH optimum for salivary lipase is quite acidic, indicating that
* the isoelectric point for the lipase is acidic * the specific activity of the lipase is greatest at low pH * the lipase is most soluble at low pH * the lipase is denatured at high pH * the lipase is inactive in the stomach |
* the specific activity of the lipase is greatest at low pH
|
|
|
A decrease in hydrochloric acid secretion by the stomach would most affect
* Neutralization of stomach chyme * Destruction of bacteria in the stomach * Pepsin formation * Non-enzymatic hydrolysis of dietary protein * Stimulation of pancreatic secretions |
* Pepsin formation
|
|
|
The primary saccharide entering the blood following carbohydrate ingestion is
* Glucose * Sucrose * Galactose * Mannose * Ribose |
* Glucose
|
|
|
Which of the following effects does dietary fat have on gastric emptying?
* Fat stimulates enterogastrone release, which stimulates gastric emptying * Fat stimulates enterogastrone release, which inhibits gastric emptying * Fat initiates the enterogastric reflex, which inhibits gastric emptying * Fat initiates the enterogastric reflex, which stimulates gastric emptying * Fat inhibits secretin release, which decreases gastric emptying |
* Fat stimulates enterogastrone release, which inhibits gastric emptying
|
|
|
Which of the following is NOT a key function of the liver?
* Drug metabolism * Gluconeogenesis * Plasma protein synthesis * Digestive enzyme secretion * Regulation of plasma glucose |
* Digestive enzyme secretion
|
|
|
Increased flow from the gall bladder during feeding results in part from
* a conditioned reflex. * the release of enterocrinin. * the release of cholecystokinin. * a reflex by way of the splanchnic nerve. * the stimulatory effect of bile salts by way of the enterohepatic circulation. |
* the release of cholecystokinin.
|
|
|
The enterogastric reflex produces
* an increase in gastric secretion. * an increase in gastric motility. * a decrease in gastric motility. * a decrease in intestinal motility. * an increase in intestinal motility. |
* a decrease in gastric motility.
|
|
|
The most important function of hydrochloric acid in the stomach is
* destruction of bacteria. * neutralization of chyme. * activation of pepsinogen. * hydrolysis of dietary protein. * stimulation of pancreatic secretion. |
* activation of pepsinogen.
|
|
|
By which of the following mechanisms does the presence of fats in the small intestine influence the rate of gastric emptying?
* Fat in the small intestine hastens gastric emptying through activity of the hormone, enterogastrone. * Fat in the small intestine inhibits gastric emptying through the activity of enterogastrone. * Fat in the small intestine initiates the enterogastric reflex that inhibits further gastric emptying. * Fat in the small intestine initiates the enterogastric reflex that stimulates further gastric emptying. |
* Fat in the small intestine inhibits gastric emptying through the activity of enterogastrone.
|
|
|
The function of rhythmic segmentation is chiefly that of
* macerating food. * mixing food with digestive secretions. * increasing the surface available for absorption. * transporting material down the gastrointestinal tract. |
mixing food with digestive secretions.
|
|
|
Secretin functions in digestion of proteins by increasing
* flow of bile. * secretion of pepsin. * flow of pancreatic juice. * secretion of carboxypeptidase |
* flow of pancreatic juice.
|
|
|
Neutralization of acids by saliva results mainly from which of the following salivary contents?
* Mucin * Ammonia * Carbonate * Bicarbonate * Amino acids |
* Bicarbonate
|
|
|
After functioning in the small intestine, the largest portion of bile salts are
* excreted in the feces. * reabsorbed into the central lacteal. * destroyed by bacteria in the large intestine. * reabsorbed into the portal circulation and reused. * removed from the circulation by the kidneys and excreted in the urine. |
* reabsorbed into the portal circulation and reused
|
|
|
Gastrointestinal hormones act on each of the following organs EXCEPT the
* stomach * pancreas * duodenum * gallbladder * urinary bladder. |
* urinary bladder.
|
|
|
Parietal cells secrete
* Hydrochloric acid * Alkaline mucous * Pepsinogen * Pepsin * Secretin |
* Hydrochloric acid
|
|
|
Which of the following is composed of skeletal muscle?
* pyloric sphincter * ileocecal sphincter * lower esophageal sphincter * internal anal sphincter * external anal sphincter |
* external anal sphincter
|
|
|
The primary products of the pancreatic peptidases are
* amino acids * dipeptides * short chain polypeptides * free fatty acids * triglycerides |
* dipeptides
|
|
|
The colon is primarily responsible for absorbing
* fatty acids * amino acids * monosaccharides * water * calcium |
* water
|
|
|
Flatus
* occurs in men, but not in women * consists primarily of hydrogen and methane * is generated mainly from ingested oxygen and nitrogen * is decreased when intestinal bacterial count is increased * All of the above |
* consists primarily of hydrogen and methane
|
|
|
In the Fed State
* Hepatic glucokinase will be active * Adipocytes can use glucose for fatty acid synthesis * Muscle cells will use glucose for glycogen synthesis * Liver cells will be synthesizing fatty acids * All of the above |
* All of the above
|
|
|
The amount of absorption of dietary iron is primarily dependent on
* Vitamin B12 * Intrinsic Factor * Degree of saturation of mucosal cells with iron * Extent of iron secretion in the urine * Concentration of hemoglobin in the blood |
* Degree of saturation of mucosal cells with iron
|
|
|
Which salivary component is most important in neutralizing oral acidity?
* Mucin * Bicarbonate * Citrate * Ammonia * Statherin |
* Bicarbonate
|
|
|
This vitamin requires the presence of Intrinsic Factor for dietary absorption
* Niacin * Biotin * Cobalamin * Phylloquinone * Retinol |
* Cobalamin
|
|
|
Rhythmic segmentation is used to
* mix food with digestive secretions * propel food through the digestive tract * act as sphincters in compartmenting the digestive tract * increase absorptive surface area for nutrient absorption * empty the gall bladder in response to cholecystokinin secretion |
* mix food with digestive secretions
|
|
|
Which hormone stimulates gall bladder contraction?
* Secretin * Gastrin * Epinephrine * Cholecystokinin * Calcitonin |
* Cholecystokinin
|
|
|
Of the 800 mg of calcium ingested each day, the majority is
* excreted in the kidney * incorporated into bone * absorbed and secreted by the digestive tract * never absorbed by the digestive tract * sequestered in the sarcoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscle cells |
* absorbed and secreted by the digestive tract
|
|
|
A marked loss of body weight is observed following destruction of the hypothalamic feeding center because the
1) basal metabolic rate is increased 2) swallowing reflex is lost 3) efficiency of digestion and absorption of food is lowered 4) desire to ingest food is decreased * 1, 2 and 3 * 1 and 3 * 2 and 4 * 4 only * All (1, 2, 3 and 4) are correct |
* 4 only
|
|
|
Esophageal peristalsis is coordinated by
1) the sympathetic nervous system 2) a myogenic pacemaker in the upper esophagus 3) enteric hormones 4) the medullary swallowing center * 1, 2 and 3 * 1 and 3 * 2 and 4 * 4 only * All (1, 2, 3 and 4) are correct |
* 4 only
|
|
|
The time required for gastric emptying is decreased by
1) the presence of fat in the duodenum 2) the gastrocolic reflex 3) the enterogastric reflex 4) parasympathetic stimulation of the gastric musculature * 1, 2 and 3 * 1 and 3 * 2 and 4 * 4 only * All (1, 2, 3 and 4) are correct |
* 4 only
|
|
|
The pacemaker activity which controls the rate of stomach peristaltic contractions is
1) inhibited by the hormone secretin 2) not influenced by the size of the meal consumed 3) stimulated by sympathomimetic agents 4) a property of the gastric muscularis externa * 1, 2 and 3 * 1 and 3 * 2 and 4 * 4 only * All (1, 2, 3 and 4) are correct |
* 2 and 4
|
|
|
Segmenting movements of the small intestine musculature
1) have a rate which is affected by the presence of chyme in the intestine 2) are initiated by a myogenic pacemaker 3) are strong, even during fasting 4) have an amplitude which increases with vagal stimulation * 1, 2 and 3 * 1 and 3 * 2 and 4 * 4 only * All (1, 2, 3 and 4) are correct |
* 2 and 4
|
|
|
Peristaltic muscle contractions of the small intestine
1) occur as promoted by the migrating myoelectric motor complex 2) constitute the main mixing action of the intestine 3) are independent of extrinsic innervation 4) have a rate controlled by a myogenic pacemaker * 1, 2 and 3 * 1 and 3 * 2 and 4 * 4 only * All (1, 2, 3 and 4) are correct |
* 1 and 3
|
|
|
Which of the following is/are produced by stomach mucosal cells or gastric glands?
1) Trypsinogen 2) Pepsinogen 3) Amylase 4) Mucus * 1, 2 and 3 * 1 and 3 * 2 and 4 * 4 only * All (1, 2, 3 and 4) are correct |
* 2 and 4
|
|
|
Gastric secretions during the cephalic phase are
1) rich in both pepsinogen and hydrochloric acid 2) elicited by tasteful meals 3) mediated by the vagus nerve 4) quantitatively the most important * 1, 2 and 3 * 1 and 3 * 2 and 4 * 4 only * All (1, 2, 3 and 4) are correct |
* 1, 2 and 3
|
|
|
The parietal cell of gastric glandular epithelium has several interesting properties which include
1) Synthesis of pepsinogen 2) Active secretion of hydrogen ion 3) Mucus secretion 4) Significant carbonic anhydrase activity * 1, 2 and 3 * 1 and 3 * 2 and 4 * 4 only * All (1, 2, 3 and 4) are correct |
* 2 and 4
|
|
|
Bile salts aid in the intestinal absorption of
1) Glycogen 2) Water-soluble vitamins 3) Maltose 4) Triglycerides * 1, 2 and 3 * 1 and 3 * 2 and 4 * 4 only * All (1, 2, 3 and 4) are correct |
* 4 only
|
|
|
Pancreatic juice, rich in enzymes, is secreted
1) into the exocrine ducts of the pancreas 2) during the cephalic phase of digestion 3) in response to cholecystokinin 4) in response to vagal stimulation of the pancreas * 1, 2 and 3 * 1 and 3 * 2 and 4 * 4 only * All (1, 2, 3 and 4) are correct |
* All (1, 2, 3 and 4) are correct
|
|
|
Bile salts are important aids to digestion in the gastrointestinal tract because they
1) lubricate the lining of the intestinal tract 2) effect greater efficiency of lipase action 3) promote water absorption in the colon 4) form microemulsions with lipids * 1, 2 and 3 * 1 and 3 * 2 and 4 * 4 only * All (1, 2, 3 and 4) are correct |
* 2 and 4
|
|
|
Source(s) of carbohydrate digesting enzyme(s) include
1) Saliva 2) Gastric secretions 3) Pancreatic exocrine secretions 4) Bile * 1, 2 and 3 * 1 and 3 * 2 and 4 * 4 only * All (1, 2, 3 and 4) are correct |
* 1, 2 and 3
|
|
|
After removal of the pancreas all of the following enzymes having digestive action in the small intestine would be lost EXCEPT
1) Lactase 2) Carboxypeptidase 3) Sucrase 4) Chymotrypsin * 1, 2 and 3 * 1 and 3 * 2 and 4 * 4 only * All (1, 2, 3 and 4) are correct |
* 1 and 3
|
|
|
Salivary amylase digestion of starch in the gastric lumen
1) produces mainly maltose 2) is favored by an acidic pH (less than 4) 3) is similar to pancreatic amylase digestion of starch in the intestinal lumen 4) results in maltose digestion by stomach epithelial cells * 1, 2 and 3 * 1 and 3 * 2 and 4 * 4 only * All (1, 2, 3 and 4) are correct |
* 1 and 3
|
|
|
Of the following digestive enzymes, which is (are) located on the brush border of small intestine mucosal cells?
1) Maltase (glucoamylase) 2) Sucrase 3) Dipeptidase 4) Enterokinase * 1, 2 and 3 * 1 and 3 * 2 and 4 * 4 only * All (1, 2, 3 and 4) are correct |
* 1, 2 and 3
|
|
|
Major end products of pancreatic lipase digestion of dietary triglycerides include
1) Fatty acids 2) Diglycerides 3) Monoglycerides 4) Chylomicrons * 1, 2 and 3 * 1 and 3 * 2 and 4 * 4 only * All (1, 2, 3 and 4) are correct |
* 1 and 3
|
|
|
1) Volume of gastric acid secretion during the cephalic phase of secretion
2) Volume of gastric secretion during the gastric phase of secretion * 1 is greater than 2 * 2 is greater than 1 * 1 and 2 are approximately equal |
* 2 is greater than 1
|
|
|
1) Concentration of bile salts in the gall bladder
2) Concentration of bile salts in the hepatic ducts * 1 is greater than 2 * 2 is greater than 1 * 1 and 2 are approximately equal |
* 1 is greater than 2
|
|
|
1) Daily net absorption of water from the jejunum
2) Daily net absorption of water from the colon * 1 is greater than 2 * 2 is greater than 1 * 1 and 2 are approximately equal |
* 1 is greater than 2
|
|
|
1) Digestion of protein to amino acids in the gastric lumen
2) Digestion of protein to amino acids in the small intestine * 1 is greater than 2 * 2 is greater than 1 * 1 and 2 are approximately equal |
* 2 is greater than 1
|
|
|
1) Daily net absorption of monosaccharides into portal venous blood
2) Daily net absorption of monosaccharides into the lymphatic circulation * 1 is greater than 2 * 2 is greater than 1 * 1 and 2 are approximately equal |
* 1 is greater than 2
|
|
|
1) Intragastric pressure during parasympathetic stimulation of stomach musculature
2) Intragastric pressure during sympathetic stimulation of stomach musculature * 1 is greater than 2 * 2 is greater than 1 * 1 and 2 are approximately equal |
* 1 is greater than 2
|
|
|
1) Time required to empty the stomach after ingestion of a high-fat meal
2) Time required to empty the stomach after ingestion of an isocaloric low-fat meal * 1 is greater than 2 * 2 is greater than 1 * 1 and 2 are approximately equal |
* 1 is greater than 2
|
|
|
1) Maximal gastric hydrochloric acid secretory capacity of a normal person
2) Maximal gastric hydrochloric acid secretory capacity of a duodenal ulcer patient * 1 is greater than 2 * 2 is greater than 1 * 1 and 2 are approximately equal |
* 1 and 2 are approximately equal
|
|
|
1) Tonicity of stomach venous blood during normal basal conditions
2) Tonicity of stomach venous blood during active secretion of hydrochloric acid by gastric glands * 1 is greater than 2 * 2 is greater than 1 * 1 and 2 are approximately equal |
* 2 is greater than 1
|
|
|
1) Rate of basic electric rhythm of gastric smooth muscle of the empty stomach
2) Rate of basic electric rhythm of gastric smooth muscle of the full stomach * 1 is greater than 2 * 2 is greater than 1 * 1 and 2 are approximately equal |
* 1 and 2 are approximately equal
|
|
|
1) Daily net absorption of triglycerides into portal venous blood
2) Daily net absorption of triglycerides into the lymphatic circulation * 1 is greater than 2 * 2 is greater than 1 * 1 and 2 are approximately equal |
* 2 is greater than 1
|
|
|
1) Absorptive capacity for Vitamin B12 by the stomach
2) Absorptive capacity for Vitamin B12 by the duodenum * 1 is greater than 2 * 2 is greater than 1 * 1 and 2 are approximately equal |
* 1 and 2 are approximately equal
|
|
|
1) Excretion of cholesterol into bile
2) Excretion of cholesterol into urine * 1 is greater than 2 * 2 is greater than 1 * 1 and 2 are approximately equal |
* 1 is greater than 2
|
|
|
1) Digestion of maltose in the gastric lumen
2) Digestion of maltose by microvilli of the small intestine * 1 is greater than 2 * 2 is greater than 1 * 1 and 2 are approximately equal |
* 2 is greater than 1
|
|
|
1) Daily net absorption of bile salts by the duodenum and jejeunum
2) Daily net absorption of bile salts by the lower ileum * 1 is greater than 2 * 2 is greater than 1 * 1 and 2 are approximately equal |
* 2 is greater than 1
|
|
|
Item: Coordinated by the medullary swallowing center
1) Upper esophageal sphincter 2) Lower esophageal sphincter * The Item is associated with (1) only * The Item is associated with (2) only * The Item is associated with both (1) and (2) * The Item is associated with neither (1) nor (2) |
* The Item is associated with both (1) and (2)
|
|
|
Item: Relaxation is inhibited in achalasia
1) Upper esophageal sphincter 2) Lower esophageal sphincter * The Item is associated with (1) only * The Item is associated with (2) only * The Item is associated with both (1) and (2) * The Item is associated with neither (1) nor (2) |
* The Item is associated with (2) only
|
|
|
Item: Tension is relaxed during the vomiting reflex
1) Upper esophageal sphincter 2) Lower esophageal sphincter * The Item is associated with (1) only * The Item is associated with (2) only * The Item is associated with both (1) and (2) * The Item is associated with neither (1) nor (2) |
* The Item is associated with both (1) and (2)
|
|
|
Item: Vomiting reflex
1) Medullary control 2) Myogenic pacemaker * The Item is associated with (1) only * The Item is associated with (2) only * The Item is associated with both (1) and (2) * The Item is associated with neither (1) nor (2) |
* The Item is associated with (1) only
|
|
|
Item: Small intestinal segmentation
1) Medullary control 2) Myogenic pacemaker * The Item is associated with (1) only * The Item is associated with (2) only * The Item is associated with both (1) and (2) * The Item is associated with neither (1) nor (2 |
* The Item is associated with (2) only
|
|
|
Item: Swallowing movements
1) Medullary control 2) Myogenic pacemaker * The Item is associated with (1) only * The Item is associated with (2) only * The Item is associated with both (1) and (2) * The Item is associated with neither (1) nor (2) |
* The Item is associated with (1) only
|
|
|
Item: Gastric peristaltic contractions
1) Medullary control 2) Myogenic pacemaker * The Item is associated with (1) only * The Item is associated with (2) only * The Item is associated with both (1) and (2) * The Item is associated with neither (1) nor (2) |
* The Item is associated with (2) only
|
|
|
Item: Defecation reflex
1) Medullary control 2) Myogenic pacemaker * The Item is associated with (1) only * The Item is associated with (2) only * The Item is associated with both (1) and (2) * The Item is associated with neither (1) nor (2) |
* The Item is associated with (1) only
|
|
|
Item: High concentration of carbonic anhydrase
1) Stomach parietal cells 2) Pancreatic intercalary duct cells * The Item is associated with (1) only * The Item is associated with (2) only * The Item is associated with both (1) and (2) * The Item is associated with neither (1) nor (2) |
* The Item is associated with both (1) and (2)
|
|
|
Item: Produce proteolytic enzyme secretion
1) Stomach parietal cells 2) Pancreatic intercalary duct cells * The Item is associated with (1) only * The Item is associated with (2) only * The Item is associated with both (1) and (2) * The Item is associated with neither (1) nor (2) |
* The Item is associated with neither (1) nor (2)
|
|
|
Item: Intrinsic factor
1) Stomach parietal cells 2) Pancreatic intercalary duct cells * The Item is associated with (1) only * The Item is associated with (2) only * The Item is associated with both (1) and (2) * The Item is associated with neither (1) nor (2) |
* The Item is associated with (1) only
|
|
|
Item: Gastric digestion of dietary protein
1) Pepsin 2) Trypsin * The Item is associated with (1) only * The Item is associated with (2) only * The Item is associated with both (1) and (2) * The Item is associated with neither (1) nor (2) |
* The Item is associated with (1) only
|
|
|
Item: Enterokinase activation
1) Pepsin 2) Trypsin * The Item is associated with (1) only * The Item is associated with (2) only * The Item is associated with both (1) and (2) * The Item is associated with neither (1) nor (2) |
* The Item is associated with (2) only
|
|
|
Item: Conversion of starch to maltose
1) Pepsin 2) Trypsin * The Item is associated with (1) only * The Item is associated with (2) only * The Item is associated with both (1) and (2) * The Item is associated with neither (1) nor (2) |
* The Item is associated with neither (1) nor (2)
|
|
|
Item: Capable of autocatalytic activation
1) Pepsin 2) Trypsin * The Item is associated with (1) only * The Item is associated with (2) only * The Item is associated with both (1) and (2) * The Item is associated with neither (1) nor (2) |
* The Item is associated with both (1) and (2)
|
|
|
Item: Secretion of inactive precursor is increased during the cephalic phase of digestion
1) Pepsin 2) Trypsin * The Item is associated with (1) only * The Item is associated with (2) only * The Item is associated with both (1) and (2) * The Item is associated with neither (1) nor (2) |
* The Item is associated with both (1) and (2)
|
|
|
Item: Synthesized by gastric antral mucosa
1) Secretin 2) Cholecystokinin * The Item is associated with (1) only * The Item is associated with (2) only * The Item is associated with both (1) and (2) * The Item is associated with neither (1) nor (2) |
* The Item is associated with neither (1) nor (2)
|
|
|
Item: Stimulates pancreatic bicarbonate production
1) Secretin 2) Cholecystokinin * The Item is associated with (1) only * The Item is associated with (2) only * The Item is associated with both (1) and (2) * The Item is associated with neither (1) nor (2) |
* The Item is associated with (1) only
|
|
|
Item: Stimulates gall bladder contraction
1) Secretin 2) Cholecystokinin * The Item is associated with (1) only * The Item is associated with (2) only * The Item is associated with both (1) and (2) * The Item is associated with neither (1) nor (2) |
* The Item is associated with (2) only
|
|
|
Item: Synthesized by duodenal mucosal epithelium
1) Secretin 2) Cholecystokinin * The Item is associated with (1) only * The Item is associated with (2) only * The Item is associated with both (1) and (2) * The Item is associated with neither (1) nor (2) |
* The Item is associated with both (1) and (2)
|
|
|
Destruction of the ventral-medial nuclei of the hypothalamus produces obesity. The increase in body weight is the result of:
1) Increased muscle mass 2) Higher efficiency of energy conservation 3) Physical inactivity 4) Increased consumption of food * 1, 2 and 3 * 1 and 3 * 2 and 4 * 4 only * 1, 2, 3 and 4 |
* 4 only
|
|
|
Gastric motility is decreased
1) During chewing and swallowing of a meal 2) In response to secretin released by the duodenal mucosa 3) When fat is present in the duodenal contents 4) As a result of stretching of the gastric musculature * 1, 2 and 3 * 1 and 3 * 2 and 4 * 4 only * 1, 2, 3 and 4 |
* 1, 2 and 3
|
|
|
Peristaltic contractions of muscle occur in the human
1) esophagus 2) stomach 3) small intestine 4) large intestine * 1, 2 and 3 * 1 and 3 * 2 and 4 * 4 only * 1, 2, 3 and 4 |
* 1, 2, 3 and 4
|
|
|
During the vomiting reflex
1) gastric contents are forced through the esophagus by reverse peristalsis 2) the stomach, with the exception of the pyloric antrum, is relaxed 3) both the glottis and hypopharyngeal sphincter are relaxed 4) forceful contractions of abdominal muscles compress the stomach * 1, 2 and 3 * 1 and 3 * 2 and 4 * 4 only * 1, 2, 3 and 4 |
* 2 and 4
|
|
|
Chyme is propelled along the intestine in a caudal (rectal) direction by way of
1) Intestino-intestinal reflex 2) Gastro-ileal reflex 3) Movements of the villi 4) Peristaltic contractions * 1, 2 and 3 * 1 and 3 * 2 and 4 * 4 only * 1, 2, 3 and 4 |
* 2 and 4
|
|
|
Stomach secretions during the gastric phase of digestion are
1) quantitatively more than during the cephalic phase 2) mediated by the hormone gastrin 3) stimulated by the presence of bulk in the stomach 4) enhanced by the hormone secretin * 1, 2 and 3 * 1 and 3 * 2 and 4 * 4 only * 1, 2, 3 and 4 |
* 1, 2 and 3
|
|
|
The plasma alkaline tide which is associated with gastric acid secretion is due to
1) movement of bicarbonate ion into plasma 2) loss of plasma chloride ion 3) uptake of plasma carbon dioxide by the parietal cell 4) development of plasma hypotonicity * 1, 2 and 3 * 1 and 3 * 2 and 4 * 4 only * 1, 2, 3 and 4 |
* 1 and 3
|
|
|
Which of the following are absorbed in the jejunum?
1) Intrinsic factor 2) Water 3) Bile salts 4) Monosaccharides * 1, 2 and 3 * 1 and 3 * 2 and 4 * 4 only * 1, 2, 3 and 4 |
* 2 and 4
|
|
|
Amino acids are the major product of which of the following proteolytic enzymes?
1) Pepsin 2) Enterokinase 3) Trypsin 4) Carboxypeptidase * 1, 2 and 3 * 1 and 3 * 2 and 4 * 4 only * 1, 2, 3 and 4 |
* 4 only
|
|
|
Bile salts aid in the intestinal absorption of
1) Starch 2) Fat-soluble vitamins 3) Protein 4) Monoglycerides * 1, 2 and 3 * 1 and 3 * 2 and 4 * 4 only * 1, 2, 3 and 4 |
* 2 and 4
|
|
|
Glucose units make up the structure(s) of
1) Amylose 2) Glycogen 3) Amylopectin 4) Maltose * 1, 2 and 3 * 1 and 3 * 2 and 4 * 4 only * 1, 2, 3 and 4 |
* 1, 2, 3 and 4
|
|
|
During absorption, which of the following move into the intestinal blood capillary system?
1) Triglyceride 2) Amino acids 3) Phospholipid 4) Glucose * 1, 2 and 3 * 1 and 3 * 2 and 4 * 4 only * 1, 2, 3 and 4 |
* 2 and 4
|
|
|
Item: Swallowing movements
(1) Medullary control (2) Myogenic pacemaker * The item is associated with (1) only * The item is associated with (2) only * The item is associated with BOTH (1) and (2) * The item is associated with NEITHER (1) nor (2) |
* The item is associated with (1) only
|
|
|
Item: Gastric peristaltic contractions
(1) Medullary control (2) Myogenic pacemaker * The item is associated with (1) only * The item is associated with (2) only * The item is associated with BOTH (1) and (2) * The item is associated with NEITHER (1) nor (2) |
* The item is associated with (2) only
|
|
|
Item: Small intestine segmenting movements
(1) Medullary control (2) Myogenic pacemaker * The item is associated with (1) only * The item is associated with (2) only * The item is associated with BOTH (1) and (2) * The item is associated with NEITHER (1) nor (2) |
* The item is associated with (2) only
|
|
|
Item: Gall bladder contraction
(1) Gastrin (2) Cholecystokinin * The item is associated with (1) only * The item is associated with (2) only * The item is associated with BOTH (1) and (2) * The item is associated with NEITHER (1) nor (2) |
* The item is associated with (2) only
|
|
|
Item: Synthesized by duodenal mucosal epithelium
(1) Gastrin (2) Cholecystokinin * The item is associated with (1) only * The item is associated with (2) only * The item is associated with BOTH (1) and (2) * The item is associated with NEITHER (1) nor (2) |
* The item is associated with (2) only
|
|
|
Item: Stimulation of hydrochloric acid secretion
(1) Gastrin (2) Cholecystokinin * The item is associated with (1) only * The item is associated with (2) only * The item is associated with BOTH (1) and (2) * The item is associated with NEITHER (1) nor (2) |
* The item is associated with (1) only
|
|
|
Item: Micelle formation
(1) Bile salts (2) Vitamin B12 * The item is associated with (1) only * The item is associated with (2) only * The item is associated with BOTH (1) and (2) * The item is associated with NEITHER (1) nor (2) |
* The item is associated with (1) only
|
|
|
Item: Absorption in the ileum
(1) Bile salts (2) Vitamin B12 * The item is associated with (1) only * The item is associated with (2) only * The item is associated with BOTH (1) and (2) * The item is associated with NEITHER (1) nor (2) |
* The item is associated with BOTH (1) and (2)
|
|
|
Item: Intrinsic Factor
(1) Bile salts (2) Vitamin B12 * The item is associated with (1) only * The item is associated with (2) only * The item is associated with BOTH (1) and (2) * The item is associated with NEITHER (1) nor (2) |
* The item is associated with (2) only
|
|
|
Item: Gastric digestion of carbohydrate
(1) Pepsin (2) Trypsin * The item is associated with (1) only * The item is associated with (2) only * The item is associated with BOTH (1) and (2) * The item is associated with NEITHER (1) nor (2) |
* The item is associated with NEITHER (1) nor (2)
|
|
|
Item: Release stimulated during the cephalic phase of digestion
(1) Pepsin (2) Trypsin * The item is associated with (1) only * The item is associated with (2) only * The item is associated with BOTH (1) and (2) * The item is associated with NEITHER (1) nor (2) |
* The item is associated with BOTH (1) and (2)
|
|
|
Item: Inactive form synthesized by the pancreas
(1) Pepsin (2) Trypsin * The item is associated with (1) only * The item is associated with (2) only * The item is associated with BOTH (1) and (2) * The item is associated with NEITHER (1) nor (2) |
* The item is associated with (2) only
|
|
|
The hormone secretin aids in protein digestion by stimulating
* Bile flow * Pepsin secretion * Pancreatic secretion * Carboxypeptidase secretion * Relaxation of the pyloric sphincter |
* Pancreatic secretion
|
|
|
Which salivary component helps to neutralize acidity in the mouth?
* Statherin * Mucin * Bicarbonate * Potassium * Chloride |
* Bicarbonate
|
|
|
What is the fate of most bile salts after their secretion into the small intestine?
* Reabsorption in the portal circulation and eventual reuse by the liver * Reabsorption in the central lacteal and excretion in the urine * Excretion in the feces * Destruction by bacteria in the large intestine and excretion as bilirubin * Conversion to biliverdin in the small intestine, followed by excretion in the feces |
* Reabsorption in the portal circulation and eventual reuse by the liver
|
|
|
Digestion of sucrose by sucrase yields
* Glucose only * Glucose and galactose * Glucose and fructose * Galactose and fructose * Fructose and maltose |
* Glucose and fructose
|
|
|
Which of the following is NOT a function of the liver?
* Bile synthesis * Urea elimination * Drug conjugation * Carbohydrate storage * Prothrombin synthesis |
* Urea elimination
|
|
|
Which of the following is NOT a target of a gastrointestinal hormone?
* Stomach smooth muscle * Pancreas * Duodenal smooth muscle * Gallbladder * Urinary bladder |
* Urinary bladder
|
|
|
After removal of the pancreas all of the following enzymes having digestive action in the small intestine would be lost EXCEPT
* Lipase * Carboxypeptidase * Maltase * Ribonuclease * Trypsin |
* Ribonuclease
|
|
|
The major end product of amylase digestion of plant starch by pancreatic amylase in the small intestine is
* Glucose * Fatty acids * Sucrose * Maltose * Leucine |
* Maltose
|
|
|
Segmenting contractions of the small intestine musculature
* are initiated by a myogenic pacemaker * have an amplitude which is not affected by the presence of chyme * have a rate which increases with vagal stimulation * are strong, even during fasting * constitute the main oral to caudal propulsive action for chyme movement |
* are initiated by a myogenic pacemaker
|
|
|
Destruction of the ventrolateral nuclei of the hypothalamus (Feeding Center) results in severe loss of body weight because the
* swallowing reflex is lost * desire to ingest food disappears * basal metabolic rate is increased * efficiency of digestion and absorption of food is lowered * rate of urine formation is increased, causing loss of body water |
* desire to ingest food disappears
|
|
|
Stomach secretions during the gastric phase of secretion are
* enhanced by secretin * quantitatively less than during the cephalic phase of secretion * mediated by the hormone gastrin * decreased by proteolytic digestive products * lacking in hydrochloric acid content |
* mediated by the hormone gastrin
|
|
|
Haustral contractions are segmenting type movements of the
* Esophagus * Stomach * Duodenum * Ileum * Colon |
* Colon
|
|
|
Peristaltic contractions of small intestine smooth muscle
* Have a rate controlled by a myogenic pacemaker * Occur in response to stretch * Move chyme quickly (greater than 10 cm/sec) * Constitute the main mixing action of the intestine * Are strong, even during fasting |
* Occur in response to stretch
|
|
|
In animals, satiety appears to be a function of
* Systemic blood pressure * Plasma sodium concentration * Extracellular glucose concentration * Extracellular fluid volume * Blood protein content |
* Extracellular glucose concentration
|
|
|
Carbohydrate digesting enzymes are found in
* Colonic secretions * Bile * Saliva * Brunners gland secretions * Pancreatic endocrine secretions |
* Saliva
|
|
|
The major product(s) of pancreatic lipase digestion of dietary triglycerides is(are)
1. Acetate 2. Monoglycerides 3. Glycerol 4. Free fatty acids * 1, 2 and 3 only * 1 and 3 only * 2 and 4 only * 4 only * 1, 2, 3 and 4 |
* 2 and 4 only
|
|
|
Salivary amylase digestion of starch in the gastric lumen
1. is favored by a neutral pH 2. is similar to pancreatic amylase action in the intestinal lumen 3. produces mainly maltose 4. results in glucose absorption by stomach epithelial cells * 1, 2 and 3 only * 1 and 3 only * 2 and 4 only * 4 only * 1, 2, 3 and 4 |
* 1, 2 and 3 only
|
|
|
During absorption, which of the following does NOT move into the intestinal blood capillary system?
1. Triglycerides 2. Amino acids 3. Cholesterol 4. glucose * 1, 2 and 3 only * 1 and 3 only * 2 and 4 only * 4 only * 1, 2, 3 and 4 |
* 1 and 3 only
|
|
|
2. Smooth muscle cells
Depend on calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum for contraction Use actin-calmodulin crossbridges to shorten Regulate contraction using troponin and tropomyosin Display a broader length-tension curve than do skeletal muscles |
Display a broader length-tension curve than do skeletal muscles
|
|
|
3. During a normal isotonic contraction
Only the A band shortens Both the A and H band shorten Both the I and H band shorten Only the I band shortens Both the A and I band shorten |
Both the I and H band shorten
|
|
|
4. Botulinum toxin exerts its effects by
Binding to ? adrenergic receptors Stimulating monoamine oxidase Stimulating acetylcholine esterase activity Inhibiting exocytosis of ACh Inhibiting high-affinity reuptake of choline |
Inhibiting exocytosis of ACh
|
|
|
5. Place the following events in the order in which they would occur following an increase in activity of excitatory cerebellar neurons:
1) Increased ?-motoneuron activity 2) Increased ?-motoneuron activity 3) Increased Ia afferent activity 4) Contraction of intrafusal fibers 5) Contraction of extrafusal fibers 1, 5, 3, 2, 4 2, 5, 1, 3, 4 2, 4, 3, 1, 5 1, 4, 2, 5, 3 3, 4, 2, 1, 5 |
1, 5, 3, 2, 4
|
|
|
10. The t-tubules in skeletal muscle cells
Must be intact for a muscle to develop significant tension Are stimulated by foot processes Are present for extracellular calcium to gain rapid access to sarcomeres Stimulate the release of calcium from mitochondria All of the above |
Must be intact for a muscle to develop significant tension
|
|
|
11. A drug which allows ATP to bind to thick filaments but which blocks ATP hydrolysis will
Produce a situation like rigor mortis Produce increased tension per action potential Cause calcium to be returned to the sarcoplasmic reticulum Produce flaccid paralysis All of the above |
Produce flaccid paralysis
|
|
|
12. Muscle fatigue results because
The muscle has shortened too far beyond Lo Stimulation frequency has decreased ACh has been depleted in nerve terminals ATP levels have fallen None of the above |
ATP levels have fallen
|
|
|
13. Synaptic transmission at the skeletal neuromuscular junction:
Produces an end plate potential which can be summated to reach threshold for muscle contraction Sometimes uses the transmitter norepinephrine May be excitatory or inhibitory Generally produces one muscle action potential for each neuronal action potential None of the above |
Produces an end plate potential which can be summated to reach threshold for muscle contraction
|
|
|
15. Which of the following drugs would act to counter the effect of curare at the neuromuscular junction?
Norepinephrine Gallium Succinylcholine Physostigmine |
Physostigmine
|
|
|
2. The energy substrate of critical importance in the prevention of muscular fatigue is
ATP Phosphocreatine Glycogen Oxygen Fat |
ATP
|
|
|
3. In order for muscles to gain strength they must be
Isometrically exercised Loaded with glycogen Overloaded Exercised at least twice per week Worked to exhaustion |
Overloaded
|
|
|
4. The main disadvantage of isometric muscular training is
training takes place over a limited range of motion the equipment is too expensive no strength gains are seen with this form of exercise it leads to muscle injury it requires too much energy |
training takes place over a limited range of motion
|
|
|
5. One of the problems encountered with glycogen loading is
Water retention Dental decay Development of Type II diabetes Insulin reactions Acidosis |
Insulin reactions
|
|
|
6. If two runners of different body weights run a mile in the same amount of time, which runner will expend the most energy?
The faster runner The heavier runner The lighter runner Both runners expend the same amount of energy |
The heavier runner
|
|
|
7. How many kilocalories of energy must be expended to lose one pound of fat?
10,000 5,000 3,500 2,500 1,000 |
3500
|
|
|
18. Which of the following forms of training gives the greatest gains in strength in the shortest period of time?
Isokinetic training Isotonic Nautilus Machine training Isotonic free weight training Isometric training |
Isotonic Nautilus Machine training
|
|
|
26. In order to develop a free weight program that concentrates on the development of strength it would be necessary to
use a higher repetition maximum use light weights have a long rest period between sets of exercise use a lower repetition maximum |
use a lower repetition maximum
|
|
|
28. The primary factor causing fatigue due to muscular work is
Reduced muscle glycogen stores Lactic acid accumulation Muscular pain Reduced fat stores |
Muscular pain
|
