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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 4 main processes fo digestion and where do they happen?
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1) Digestion - mainly in small intestines but starts in stomach
2) Absorption - small intestine 3) Motility - throughout 4) Secretion - throughout |
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What are the two types of Phasic motility
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1) Parastalsis - in esophagus
2) Segmentation in stomach, and intestines |
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What is the purpose of segmentation
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It squishes the food bolus back and forth over villi to increase surface contact and absorption
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What is the gross anatomy of the digestive tract
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Mouth Esophagus
stomach small intestine large intesting |
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Name the layers of the walls of the digestive system
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1)Serosa - outer- connective tissue
2)Muscularis - smooth muscle layer for parastalsis and segmentation 3)SubMucosa - veins, arteries blood vessels and lymph, immune system 4)Mucosa - mucous, secretion occurs and abosrpion happens |
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What is GALT
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Gutt assosciated Lymphatic Tissue - the largest proportion of the immune tissues
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What is secreted from the gastric glands in the stomace
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HCL
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Glycogenesis
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Making glycogen- happens in the liver
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Glycogen
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stored glucose in liver and muscles
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Glycogenolysis
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Breaking up glycogen into glucose
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Gluconeogenesis
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making glucose from amino acids or fats
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Lipogenesis
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making fats from glucose or free fatty acids
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What are the three pools stored in the plasma
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Amino acids
glucose fatty acids |
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What is the anabolic state
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building - fed state - absorptive
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What is the catabolic state
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breaking down - digestive - fasted state
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Insulin
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lowers blood glucose levels- released from pancreas when blood glucose is high in fed state
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Glucagon
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raises blood glucose levels in resting state
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Type 1 Diabetes
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autoimmune disorder - Juvenile onset - beta cells destroyed(part of the pancreas) No insulin made so you can't get glucose into the cells
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Type 2 Diabetes
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defective insulin receptor(tyrosine Kinase)
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Thermoregulation -
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Radiation - heat coming out of body like sun
Conduction - heat loss through contact Convection - warm air traveling up the body Evaporation - loss of water through breathing and sweat Shivering thermo genesis - to get warm |
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How do you regulate body temp in Hypothermia
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Too cold so you must:
Exercise, shiver, put layers on blood vessels contract in the extremities |
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How do you regulate body temp in Hyperthermia
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Too warm so you:
Sweat Inactivity fan yourself dilate the veins and arteries to get blood to surface to help cool |
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What are Steroid hormones made from
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Cholesterol
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Why do you need the Hypothalamus, pituitary, fill in the blank system
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For negative feedback which is important for homeostatic balances
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Corisol
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The stress hormone comes from the adrenal gland.
An immunosuppressant, raises glucose levels and has a permissive effect on glucagon so your system has more energy in times of stress |
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What causes a Goiter
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Too much T3 and T4
Not enough iodine |
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What is Hypothyroidism
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Not enough iodine, body cannot synthesize T3 and T4 which increases TSH which builds thyroid gland
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what is Hyperthyroidism
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Autoimmune disorder, plenty of iodine, tying to make more
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What is the function of the thyroid hormone
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Increases metabolism
increases O consumption generates more heat -thermogenic makes more ATP stimulate Cellular respiration/ provides substrates for oxidative metabolism |
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What are the symptoms fo Hyperthyroidism
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Hot
weight issues irritable not sleeping muscle wasting |
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What are the symptoms of Hypothyroidism
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Cold
tired not making enough ATP |
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Dwarfism
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Too little Growth hormone before puberty
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Gigantism
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Too much growth hormone before puberty
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Acromegaly
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Too much growth hormone after puberty
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What hormones are used during exercise
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Cortisol
Glucagon epinephrine Not insulin |
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Aerobic respiration
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most efficient in making ATP
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Anaerobic respiration
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lactic acid buildup and does not produce as much ATP
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What happens to your muscles when you train a lot
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increase muscle memory and tissue
Turns muscle in to intermediate fast twitch so they act more like slow twithc more mitochondria more myoglobin for O2 storage get more glucose and fat storage increases glut 4 |
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Brain uses what for energy
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Glucose and Ketones
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What distiguishes male or female
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Y Chromosome
Male is XY Female is XX |
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What decides what sex the biopotential tissues will be come
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Presence of the SRY gene
If you have SRY they become male |
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What are the gonads in each sex
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Male - testes
Female - ovaries |
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What are the Gamites in both sexes
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Male - sperm
Female - eggs |
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What does the Mullerian Duct develop into
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Fallopian tubes or ovaduct
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What does the Wolffian duct develop into
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Vas deferens
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How is reproduction regulated
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Hypothalamus releases -GNRH Gonadatropin releasing hormone,
Anterior Pituitary releases FSH and LH Folicle stimulating hormone and Lutenizing hormones testes and ovary are controled by release of testosterone and estrogen |
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How is stress regulated
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hypothalamus releases CRH
Anterior Pituitary releases ACTH(adrenocorticotrophic homone) Adrenal gland releases cortisol |
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How is Growth regulated
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Hypothalamus releases GHRH
Anterior Pituitary releases HGH Liver responds and bone and muscle effected |
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How is the tyroid regulated
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Hypothalamus releases TRH(tyrosine release hormone)
Anterior Pituitary releases TSH(thyroid stimulating horomone Thyroid releases T3 and T4 are released(tyrosine and # or iodine) |
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What type of hormones come from the hypothalamus
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Trophic hormones - control the release or production of other hormones
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What are the effects of Cortisol on the body
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permissive effect on glucagon - allows full effect
Memory, learning and mood Gluconeogenesis - makes glucose out of AA and fats skeletal muscle breakedown Lipolysis- breaks down fat Negative Calicium balance Immune depression circadian rhythms - sleep wake cycles |
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What are circadian rhythms
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sleep-wake cycle
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Track the male gamete through the system
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Semineferous tubule in testes
epidymis vas deferens seminal vesicle prostate bulbouretheral gland |
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What does the seminal vessicle release
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bulk of the seminal fluid
nutrients prosaglandins - uterine contractions clotting enzymes |
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What are the structures of the female reproductive organs
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ovary
Fimbriae -fingerlike projections fallopian tube or ovaduct cervix/ endometrium vagina |
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Describe the menstral cycle
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Folicular phase - egg matures
ovulation - egg released Luteal phase - crous luteum makes progesteone ot increase endometrial layer to prep for pregnancy pregnancy or menses |
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Methods of birth control
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absinance
barriers-condom, female condom, diaphragm,cervical cap Surgery chemical - patches, shot, pill, IUD |
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What happens to men during puberty
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testes matures and can produce sperm
grow body hair increase muscle mass voice changes Y shaped body hormones |
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What happens to women during puberty
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Menses occures
eggs mature body hair breasts develop pear shaped body increased body fat for pregnancy hormones |
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What happens during menopause
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No more eggs
lose menses hormone imbalance hot flashes irritability increase chance of osteoporosis |
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What happens during andropause
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muscle mass wasting
decrease sex drive/hormones Erectile dysfunction decrease in sperm count |
