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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cell Theory
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A. States that
1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells 2. The cell is the smallest unit of life 3. All cells come from previously existing cells |
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What elements contribute to 99% of all atoms in the body?
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A. Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen
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What form do cells take in the body?
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A. Organic compounds
Phosphate groups Ions |
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What are carbohydrates used for in the body?
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A. Structural materials
Transport and store energy |
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List the classes of carbohydrates.
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A. Monosaccharides (e.g. glucose)
Oligosaccharides (e.g. lactose, sucrose, maltose) Polysaccharides (e.g. glycogen) |
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What do enzymes do?
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A. Make metabolic reactions proceed at a faster rate than would occur if the enzymes were not available and enable cells to produces the organic compounds of life
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What are lipids?
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A. Greasy organic compounds that will dissolve in each other but not in water
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What is the most diverse form of biological molecules?
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A. PROTEINS!
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Name 3 functions that proteins serve.
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A. Enzymes
Structural elements Transport channels across plasma membranes Signal for changing activities Chemical weapons against disease carrying bacteria Built from 20 Amino Acids |
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What is a nucleotide?
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A. Nucleotides are small organic compounds that contain a 5 carbon sugar (ribose or dexoyribose, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen containing base that has a single or double carbon ring structure
DNA, RNA |
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What is DNA?
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A. DNA is a unique helical molecule that contains chains of paired nucleotides that run in opposite directions.
Each nucleotide contains either a pyrimidine base T – Thymine or C Cytosine, with a single ring structure Or a purine base Adenine (A) or Guanine (G), with a double ring |
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What is RNA?
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A. Similar to DNA
But Single Strand Ribose instead of dexoxyribose instead C5H10O5 instead of C5H10O4 has U – Uracil instead of T- Thymine |
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What carries the instruction for all cells.
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A. DNA
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Do all cells contain DNA and cytoplasm?
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A. YES – carries hereditary instructions
YES – semifluid that includes everything except for the DNA |
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What is the function of the plasma membrane.
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A. Give mechanical strength
Provides structure Helps with movement Controls the cells volume |
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What is the difference between osmosis a diffusion.
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A. 1. Osmosis is the process by which substances move across a selectively permeable membrane such as a cell’s plasma membrane
2. Diffusion refers to the movement of molecules from an area of relatively high concentration to an area of relatively low concentration |
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How are ions distributed on an organelle?
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a. Through the cytosol – fluid in the cytoplasm
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List membrane bound Organelles?
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A. Nucleus
Rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum The Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, mitochondria |
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List non-membrane bound organelles
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A. Nucleoli, ribosomes, centrioles, microvilli, cilia, flagella, microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
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What makes up the cytomembrane system?
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A. Smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus Assorted vehicles |
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Does mitochondria carry DNA
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A. YES – comes from the mothers egg cells
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What provides structure to the plasma membrane?
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A. Intermediate filaments
They also aid in maintaining the spatial organization of organelles |
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When actin and myosin interact what is most likely to happen?
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A. Cell movement
Muscle contraction Cell division |
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Where is DNA found in the Cell?
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A. nucleus and mitochondria
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Where is the DNA from in the nucleus and mitochondria?
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A: DNA in nucleus is from both parents, DNA in mitochondria is from mother
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In the nucleus, DNA is wrapped in what?
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A: protein spools called nucleosomes
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How many pairs of autosomal chromosomes and sex chromosomes do humans have?
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A: 22 pairs of autosomal and a pair of sex chromosomes( an X set and Y set for sex chromosomes)
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What would be the dimensions of DNA from a cell if it were stretched out?
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A: 2nm wide and 2m long
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What are genes and how many are contained in chromosomes?
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A: Units of information about heritable traits
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What method is used to transfer DNA in the cytoplasm?
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A: Transcription – method for transferrin
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How does DNA replicate during cell division?
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A: Enzymes unzip double helix, delivers complementary bases to nucleotides, bind the delivered nucleotides into developing complementary strands
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What RNA sequence would this DNA sequence (TACG) become?
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A: AUGC
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What are tissues?
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A: Groups of cells and surrounding substances that function together to perform on or more specialized activities
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What are the 4 types of tissue?
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A: Epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous
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What are the functions of Epithelial tissue?
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A: Functions and type
Absorption – small intestine lining Secretion – glands Transport – kidney tubules Excretion – sweat glands Protection – skin |
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List 3 types of muscle tissue
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A. Skeletal- attached to bones
Smooth muscles – found in the walls of the blood vessels Cardiac – found only in heart |
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Nervous tissue consist of?
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A. Neurons – conduction of electrical impulses
Glial – protect, support and nourish neurons |
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What are the 11 major organ systems? What does it consist of?
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A. 11 Major organ systems
Integumentary (Skin, hair, nails and various glands) Endocrine (ductless glands such as the thyroid and adrenal) Lymphatic ( glands, lymph nodes, lymph, lymphatic vessels) Digestive ( stomach, intestines, and other structures) Urinary ( Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra) Reproductive (ovaries, testes, reproductive cells, and accessory glands and ducts) Circulatory ( heart blood, and blood vessels) Respiratory ( airways and lungs) Nervous ( brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and sensory organs) Skeletal (bones and cartilage) Muscular( skeletal) |
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What is the primary function of erythrocytes?
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A. Aid in transport of blood gases
34% by weight consisting of oxygen and carbon dioxide carry protein hemoglobin. |
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What is the primary function of leukocytes?
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A. Endow the body with the ability to identify and dispose of foreign substances (such as infectious organisms) that do not belong there
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What does the central nervous system do?
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A. Central nervous system (CNS) – enclosed by bone (e.g. brain and spinal cord)- receives info, coordinates activities.
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What does the peripheral nervous system do?
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A. Peripheral nervous system (PNS)– not enclosed by bone - enables body to detect and respond to both internal and external stimuli –connect CNS to limbs and organs
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What is somatic?
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A. sensory neurons – convey info from receptors for pain, temperature, mechanical stimuli in the skin, muscles and joints to CNS
Motor neurons –which return impulses from the CNS to the same areas |
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What is autonomic?
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A. Internal meter of the body – involuntary regulation of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands
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What is sympathetic?
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A. causes blood vessels in the viscera and skin to constrict, vessels to dilate, heart rate to increase. FIGHT OR FLIGHT
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What is parasympathetic?
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A. has opposite effect on blood vessels in comparison to the sympathetic division, causes heart rate to decrease. GO BACK TO NORMAL
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