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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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which of the following is the cell membrane MOST permeable to?
A. sodium B. calcium C. potassium D. chloride E. water |
E. water
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the most appropriate term for referring to one X+ and one Y- leaving the cell in an ATP-dependant process is?
A. facilitated diffusion B. non-electrogenic activity symport C. hyperpolaricing active symport D. depolarizing active antiport E. passive diffiusion |
B. non-electrogenic active symport
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which of the following would tend to decrease the rate of movement of X between two compartments separated by a membrane?
A. decreased hydration sphere for X B. heating the solutions ing ehcompartments C. decrease the thinkness of the membrane D. increase the surface area ofht e membrane E. increase the vander waals forces int ehmembrane(viscosity) |
E. increase the vander waals forces int ehmembrane(viscosity)
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you add a protein to the extracellular fluid bathing a cell and later find the protein in the intracellular fluid. the most likely way the protein got into the cell was by?
A. exocytosis B. phagocytosis C. pinocytosis D. high-affinity reuptake E. passive diffusion |
B. phagocytosis
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the nernst equation is derived from?
A. the goldman equation B. fick's law C. the second law of thermodynamics D. the gibbs-donnan equilibrium E. ohm's law |
C. the second law of thermodynamics
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the ion most involved in determining resting membrane potential is?
A. potassium B. sodium C. calcium D. phosphate E. bicarbonate |
A. potassium
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in comparison to adults, calcium turnover in children's bons...
A. is greater B. is less C. occurs priarily in the ends of long bones D. occurs primarly in cortical bone E. does not involve phosphate |
A. is greater
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increased activity during childhood would tend to...
A. increase bone length B. increase bone thickness C. increase bone calcium D. all of the above E. A and B but not C |
E. A and B but not C
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the majority of daily dietary calcium..
A. is incorporated into bone B. is lost in the feces C. is lost in the urine D. is trapped in the rapidly exchangable pool E. remains in extracellular fluid |
B. is lost in the feces
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osteoblasts decrease the chance of exceeding solubility product inside the cell by...
A. forming phosphate esters B. pumping calcium into the osteoid C. activating alkaline phosphatase D. all the above E. A and B, but not C |
E. A and B, but not C
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a protein found in both osteoblasts and osteoclasts is
A. alkaline phosphatase B. acid phosphatase C. carbonic anhydrase D. collagenase E. all the above |
C. carbonic anhydrase
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maximum bone mass is reached at about age?
A. 3 B. 17 C. 25 D. 50 E. 70 |
C. 25
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which of the following is FALSE?
A. the H zone decreases during contraction B. the I band decreases during contraction C. the A band decreases during contraction D. this filament length remains constant during contraction E. thick filament length stays constant during contraction |
C. the A band decreases during contraction.
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which of the following would not be found in the thin filaments?
A. F-actin B. tropomyosin C. troponin C D. light chain myosin E. ADP |
D. light chain myosin
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in the sliding filament theory, ATP is used to?
A. break existing crossbridges B. "Cock" the mysoin heads C. act as a binding site on the thin filaments D. all of the above E. A and B, but not C |
A and B , not C
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a motor unit is?
A. a single muscle cell and the neurons which innervate it B. a single neuron and the muscle cells that it innervates C. the area of the skeletal muscle cell membrane at the synapse D. the group of muscle cells contracting during a muscle twitch E. the cortical neurons responsible for coordinatind a movement. |
B. a single neuron and the muscle cells that it innervates
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which of the following is most likely to result if calseqwestrin is destroyed in a muscle cell?
A. increased muscle tone B. decreased contractile strength C. increased frequency of muscle action potentials D. destruction of t-tubules E. flaccid paralysis |
A. increased muscle tone
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twitch tension exists after active contraction because of the presence of?
A. ATP B. the series elastic element C. action potential reverberation D. slow resequestration of calcium by the sarcoplasmic reticulm E. muscle being maintained |
D. slow resequestration of calcium by the sarcoplasmic reticulum
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which type of muscle is characterized by large fiber size, no pacemaker potentials and fatigues easily?
A. fast twitch skeletal B. slow twitch skeletal C. single unit smooth D. multi-unit smooth E. cardiac |
A. fast twitch skeletal
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smooth muscle contraction is regulated by?
A. calcium binding to troponin B. release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum C. phosphorylation of myosin by myosin light chain kiase D. calmodulin actication of myosin phosphatase E. all the above |
C. phosphorylation of myosin by myosin light chain kinase
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which of the following is NOT seen to stimulate smooth muscle contraction?
A. acetylcholine B. norepinephrine C. strech D. depolarization of slow wave potentials E. all of the above will stimulate smooth muscle contraction |
E. all the above will stimulate smooth muscle contraction.
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which muscle type is maintained below the peak of the length-tension curve?
A. fast teitch skeletal B. multi-unit smooth C. cardiac. D. single-unit smooth E. all of the above |
C. cardiac
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which of the following is realesed in response to fat in the duodenum and stimulate the bladder contraction?
A. gastrin B. cholecystokinin C. secretin D. enterokinase E. GIP |
B. cholesystokinin
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which of the following is correct?
A. multi unit smooth muscle is important in perstaltic contractions B. the stomach exhibits the lowest frequency of slow waves in the GI tract C. norepinephrine causes slow wave hyperpolarization in the GI tract D. sphincters consume much ATP in mantaining the eir contracted state E. the enteric nervous system contains only motor neurons |
C. norepinephrine causes slow wave hyperpolarization in the GI tract
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which of the following is NOT an appropriate trigger for peristalsis?
A. local distension B. vagal innervation C. local irritation D. activation of the myinteric reflex E. all of the above |
E. all of the above
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which reflex accounts for slowed stomach emptying as chyme enters the duodenum?
A. enterogastric B. gastrocolic reflex C. coloileal reflex D. myenterc reflex E. gastroileal reflex |
A. enterogasteric reflex
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bicarbonate for neutralizing chyme acidity is primarily produced by?
A. duodenal enterocytes B. tubular epithelium of the pancreas C. hepatocytes D. pancreatic acinar cells E. oxyntic glands |
B. tubular epithelium of the pancreas
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which of the following is FALSE regarding carbohydrate digestion?
A. digestive products are absorbed as disaccharides B. water accompanies absorption of sugars C. sodium accompanies absorption D. digeestion occures ing ehmouth, stomach and small intestine E. all the above |
A. digestive products are absorbed as disacharides
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lipids which are absorded are initially transported in blood as?
A. micelles B. chylomicrons C. VLDLs D. LDLs E. HDLs |
B. chylomicrons
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the reason that our cells have a membrane potential is?
A. the sodium/potassium pump creates it. B. proteins are primarily present in intracellular low C. calcium permeability D. the absence of electrogenic pumps in the cell membrane E. the osmotic imbalance between intra and extracellular fluids |
B. proteins are primarily present in intracellular fluid
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which of the following has the LOWEST intracellular concentration?
A. potassium B. sodium C. calcium D. chloride E. phosphate |
C. calcium (.ooo1)
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the process of taking up extracellular fluid into titracellular vesicles is called?
A. exocytosis B. pinocytosis C. phagocytosis D. symport E. antiport |
B. pinocytosis
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an impermeable ion entering a cell along its electrochemical gradient will primarily do so by?
A. passive diffusion B. exocytosis C. active transport D. facilitated diffusion E. osmosis |
D. faciliated diffusion
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sodium/potassium ATPase is an expamle of
A. an ATP-dependent pump B. an electrogenic pump C. antiport D. all the above E. A and B but not C |
D. all the above
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the rate of diffusion across a membrane will be increased by all of the following EXCEPT?
A. increased concentration gradient B. increased membrane conductance C. increased temperature D. decreased membrane fluidity E. decreased membrane thickness |
B. increased membrane conductance
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the NET diffusional force on an ion is?
A. the concentration gradient for the ion B. the valence of the ion and the membrane potential C. the Gibbs free energy on ion diffusion D. all the above E. A and B but not C |
C. the Gibbs free energy of diondiffusion
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at rest, the cell membrane is most permeable to?
A. bicarbonate B. chloride C. calcium D. sodium E. potassium |
E. potassium
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in order to calculate driving force on an ion, you need all of the following EXCEPT:
A. permeability for the ion B. intracellular concentration C. extracellular concentration D. temperature E. membrane potential |
D. temperature
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the goldman equation is used to?
A. estimate mebrane relative permeabilities for ions B. estimate membrane potential C. determine intracellular ion concentrations D. determine the average driving force on all ions E. determine the amount of evergy released by average ion diffusion |
B. estimate membrane potential
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a specific inhibitor of the sodium/potassium pump is?
A. ouabain B. tetrodotoxin C. tetuaethy lammonium D. curare E. botulinum toxin |
A. ouabain
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bone receives about 5% of cardiac output (200-400 ml/min), which is less extensive than for cartilage.
A. the first clause is correct, and the second clause is correct B. the first clause is correct, but the second clause is incorrect C. the first clause is incorrect, and the second clause is incorrect D. the first clause is incorrect, but the second clause is correct E. the actual information listed in the sentence is still undermined |
A. the first clause is correct, and the second clause is correct
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which of the following cells does NOT depend on bone marrow for production of that cell type?
A. osteoblasts B. osteoclasts C. erythrocytes D. lymphocytes E. platelets |
A. osteoblasts
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peak body bone mass occurs around age?
A. 13 B. 18 C. 25 D. 40 E. 50 |
C. 25
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the Gemini study linked _____to demineralization of bone
A. flight B. increased age C. low gravity D. low activity E. osteocyte antagonists |
D. low acticity
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bone "remodeling"
A. occurs throught our life B. is the balance between bone synthesis and resorption C.is greatest is cancellous bone D. is greater in children than in adults E. all the above |
E. all the above
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a plasma calcium concentration of 4 mM
A. is referred to as hypocalcemia B. would tend to promote bone resorption C. is most likely to be seen just before eating a meal D. would likley result in calcium phosphate precipitation E. is used in the treatment of stoke |
D. would likley result in calcium phosphate precipitation
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most dietary calcium ends up in
A. the feces B. the urine C. extracellular fluid D. muscle E. bone |
A. the feces
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most of the phosphate in our body is found in
A. mitochondria B. sarcoplasmic reticulum C. bone D. extracellular fluid E. ATP |
C. bone
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collagen is present in bone to provide
A. compressive strength B. tensile strength C. elastic strength D. a permanent matrix for calcification E. cytoskeletal structure for osteoblasts |
B. tensile strength
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which of the following hormones promotes bone growth by inhibiting resorption?
A. growth hormone B. thyroid hormon C. cortisol D. estrogen E. insulin |
D. estrogen
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which of the following is implicated as a local signal in producing bone loss with periodontal disease?
A. prostaglandin E B. interleukin 1 C. tumor necrosis factor a D. integrin E. fibroblast growth factor 2 |
A. prostaglandin
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the covalent crosslinks between collagen fibrils are formed by the enzyme
A. prolyl hydroxylase B. lysyl oxidase C. collagenase D. carbonic anhydrase E. thrombin |
B. lysyl oxidase
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which of the following agents would NOT cause spastic paralysis?
A. carbachol B. curare C. physostigmine D. nerve gas E. methacholine |
B. curare
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increasing the load prior to an isotonic twitch
A. decreases delay, decreases distance moved, and increases velocity of shortening B. increases delay, decreases didtance moved, and increases velocity of shortening C. decreases delay, increases distance moved, and decreases velocity of shortening D. increase delay, decrease distance moved, and decrease velocity of shortening E. increase delay, increases distance moved, and decreases velocity of shortening |
D. increases delay, decreases distance moved, and decreases velocity of shortening
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which of the following would you NOT expect to be characteristic of muscle fibers in antigracity muscles?
A. many mitochondria B. myoglobin C. high glycogen D. slow myosin ATPase E. all of the above |
C. high glycogen
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muscle fatigue and rigor mortis share what characteristic?
A. lack of stimulation B. low ATP levels C. low intracellular free calcium D. inhibition of crossbridge formation E. all of the above |
B. low ATP levels
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summation of muscle twitch tension is possible even though muscle action potentials cannot summate because
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A. calcium remains elevated longer than the duration of the muscle action potential
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which is NOT a diference between skeletal and smooth muscle?
A. breadth of length-tension relationship B. maximal tension that can be developed C. presence of troponin D. inhibition of contraction by norepinephrine E. presence of slow waves |
B. maximal tension that can be developed
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activation of myosin light-chain kinase
A. participates in skeletal muscle regulation of contraction B. results in inhibition of myosin ATPase C. would tend to increase the strength of contraction of smooth muscle D. is inhibited by calcium unbinding from calmodulin E. occurs when troponin binds to calcium |
D. is inhibited by calcium unbinding from calmodulin
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which of the following is NOT a component of the thin filaments?
A. G-actin B. tropomyosin C. troponin C D. ADP E. all the above |
E. all the above
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which of the following occurs immediately following the "power stroke"?
A. ATP binds to myosin B. ADP binds to myosin C. ADP unbinds from actin D. ATP is hydrolyzed by myosin E. ATP is hydrolyzed by actin |
D. ATP is hydrolyzed by myosin
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transmission at the neuromuscular junction is primarily terminated by
A. washout B. high-affinity reuptake of acetylcholine C. high-affinity reuptake of choline D. catabolism by acetylcholine esterase E. catabolism by choline acetyl transferase |
D. catabolism by acetylcholine esterase
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crossbridging occurs within the
A. z disc B. I band C. H zone D. A band E. M line |
D. A band
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in skeletal muscle calcium binds to
A. tropomyosin B. myosin phosphorylase C. calmodulin D. troponin C E. troponin I |
D. troponin C
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the combination of a neuron and the muscle cells it innervates is:
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motor unit
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a calcium-binding protein fornd in the sarcoplasmic reticulum is:
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calsequesterin
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