Physio Test 1

Front 1

adrenal cortex secretes ___

Back 1

neurohormones

Front 2

the preganglionic synapse in adrenal cortex is __

Back 2

inbetween spinal cord and adrenal medulla
- lacks an axon

Front 3

3 components of a neuromuscular junction

Back 3

1. presynaptic axon terminal
2. synaptic cleft
3. posynaptic membrane of skeletal muscle fibers

Front 4

the presynaptic axon terminal of neuromuscular junction has ___

Back 4

boutons- covered by schwann cells that provide myelin & secrete growth factors

Front 5

___ is the muscle cell membrane on postsynaptic side of NMJ

Back 5

motor end plate

Front 6

___ is most common disorder of neuromuscular junction

Back 6

myasthenia gravis
- autoimmune destruction of ACh receptors at NMJ
- symptoms: muscle weakness

Front 7

the treatment of neostigmine (acetylcholineasterase) is used to treat what?

Back 7

myasthenia gravis

Front 8

what kind of muscle can be modulated by endocrine system

Back 8

smooth

Front 9

skeletal muscle is connected to bones by ___

Back 9

tendons

Front 10

muscle fibers =

Back 10

one skeletal muscle

Front 11

true or false- skeletal muscles have more than 1 nucleus

Back 11

true

Front 12

cell membrane of skeletal muscle is called

Back 12

sarcolemma

Front 13

bundle of thick and thin filaments and is the functional unit of muscle contraction

Back 13

myofibril
-

Front 14

___ are responsible for sequestering & storing calcium. they are end caps of SR in one local segment

Back 14

terminal cisternae

Front 15

___ release calcium

Back 15

longitudinal tubules

Front 16

___ are the thick filaments that have 2 heavy chains, 2 light chains, different isoforms, & anchored at their tails at M line

Back 16

myosin

Front 17

___ make up thin filaments that have + and - ends, coiled around each other, and anchored a the Z disk

Back 17

actin

Front 18

what caps minus ends of thin filaments

Back 18

tropomodulin

Front 19

__ is a large inelastic protein that helps align filaments within sarcomere.

Back 19

nebulin

Front 20

___ is a large elastic protein that returns fiber to resting length, stretches from Z disk to M line

Back 20

titin- largest protein known

Front 21

__ is region with only thin filaments

Back 21

I band (isotrophic)

Front 22

what gets shorter during contraction

Back 22

I band and H zone

Front 23

polymer that wraps around actin filaments & blocks binding site for myosin

Back 23

tropomyosin

Front 24

___ is a calcium binding protein that regulates the position of tropomyosin

Back 24

troponin

Front 25

what is required to release filaments from rigor state

Back 25

ATP

Front 26

contraction-relaxation cycle=

Back 26

cardiac cycle

Front 27

2 major components of ECG:

Back 27

waves & segments

Front 28

what wave corresponds to depolarization of atria

Back 28

P wave (first one)

Front 29

the trio of waves that represent the progressive wave of ventricular depolarization

Back 29

QRS complex

Front 30

what wave represents the repolarization of ventricles

Back 30

T wave

Front 31

true or false- an ECG is not a single AP but represents the sum of multi APs taking place in many heart muscles

Back 31

true

Front 32

a faster than normal heart rate is called

Back 32

tachycardia

Front 33

a slower than normal heart rate is called

Back 33

bradycardia

Front 34

phase in cardiac cycle where cardiac muscle relaxes

Back 34

diastole

Front 35

phase in cardiac cycle where cardiac muscle is contracting

Back 35

systole

Front 36

___ is the amount of blood pumped by one ventricle during a contraction

Back 36

stroke volume

Front 37

stroke volume can be calculated by:

Back 37

EDV- ESV

Front 38

cardiac output is calculated by:

Back 38

CO= heart rate x stroke volume

Front 39

NE or EPI speeds up depolarization rate of autorhythmic cells & increaste heart rate by binding to what receptors

Back 39

beta 1

Front 40

what secreted by parasympathetic neurons slows the conduction of APs thru AV node

Back 40

acetylcholine

Front 41

as contraction forces increase, what else increases

Back 41

stroke volume

Front 42

force of ventricular contraction is affected by what:

Back 42

length of muscle fibers & contractility of the heart

Front 43

degree of myocardial stretch before contraction begins is called

Back 43

preload

Front 44

any chemical that affects contractility is called

Back 44

inotropic
- NE and EPI have positive inotropic effects since they enhance contractility

Front 45

what beta receptors are in heart

Back 45

beta 1
- equally sensitive to NE EPI

Front 46

what beta receptors are in veins & arterioles

Back 46

beta 2
- EPI > NE

Front 47

what alpha receptors are linked to Gi

Back 47

alpha 2
- decrease cAMP

Front 48

what neurohormone is secreted w/ highest percentage for adrenal medulla

Back 48

EPI

Front 49

what treats hypertension (beta blocker)

Back 49

propanolol

Front 50

what is a complication of diabetes

Back 50

autonomic neuropathy
- begins as sensory neuropathy & progresses

Front 51

what neurotransmitter is used for somatic neurons

Back 51

ACh
- always on nicotinic receptors

Front 52

t-tubule membrane has what kind of receptors

Back 52

DHP

Front 53

what needs to be removed for a skeletal muscle to relax

Back 53

calcium

Front 54

what pumps calcium back into SR

Back 54

SERCA
- its a calcium ATPase

Front 55

when inside the SR, what binds to calcium

Back 55

calsequestrin

Front 56

Decline in muscle tension due to
previous contractile activity

Back 56

muscle fatigue

Front 57

what does bulk flow mean

Back 57

all transport moves together

Front 58

very high degree of branching

Back 58

vasculature

Front 59

what pressure is the pressure exerted on walls of container by fluid within container.

Back 59

hydrostatic

Front 60

if fluid flows, pressure decreases with distance. - energy lost to friction

Back 60

kinetic energy (hydraulic)

Front 61

____ decreases diameter & decreases flow

Back 61

vasoconstriction

Front 62

___ increases diameter & increases flow

Back 62

vasodilation

Front 63

desmosomes are for what

Back 63

force transfer in cardiac muscle
- made of cadherins

Front 64

gap junctions are for what

Back 64

electrical signalling in cardiac muscle

Front 65

___ is the amount of blood returned to heart by veins

Back 65

venous return

Front 66

venous return is influenced by 3 things:

Back 66

1. skeletal muscle pump
2. respiratory pump
3. sympathetic innvervation of veins

Front 67

true or false- adrenal medulla postganglionic neurons lack axons

Back 67

true

Front 68

what cells in adrenal medulla secretes EPI directly into bloodstream for fight-or-flight response

Back 68

chromaffin cells

Front 69

true or false- muscle cells divide

Back 69

false- they grow

Front 70

bundle of thick and thin filaments of skeletal muscle

Back 70

myofibril

Front 71

average blood volume in body is what

Back 71

5.5 liters
- 2.5 L RBC and 3.0 WBC

Front 72

true or false- cardiovascular system is a closed system

Back 72

true

Front 73

what arteries & veins supply blood to the heart muscle

Back 73

coronary arteries & veins

Front 74

what divides left and right side of the heart

Back 74

interventricular septum

Front 75

what divides left and right side of the heart

Back 75

interventricular septum