Physio Test 1

Front 1

why something happens & what's the big picture

Back 1

teleological approach to physiology

Front 2

how something happens

Back 2

mechanic approach to physiology

Front 3

mediates exchange of materials btwn cells and environment

Back 3

ECF

Front 4

the ability of the body to maintain a relatively constant internal environment

Back 4

homestasis
- it is DYNAMIC

Front 5

what are some examples of parameters that homeostasis is in control of

Back 5

- environmental (temperature, pH)
- materials cell needs (nutrients, water, Na, Ca, ions)
- internal secretions (hormones)

Front 6

3 cavities of body

Back 6

1. cranial
2. thoracic
3. abdominal
- organismal level of compartmentation

Front 7

signalling molecule released in bloodstream & acts on target cells in distance

Back 7

hormone

Front 8

neurocrine released by neuron into blood & acts on distant target cells

Back 8

neurohormones

Front 9

acts more slowly than NTs & act in autocrine & paracrine signals

Back 9

neuromodulator

Front 10

chemical signal secreted by neuron

Back 10

neurocrine

Front 11

cannon's postulates are:

Back 11

1. nervous system has a role in preserving the fitness of internal environment
2. some systems of body are under tonic control
3. some systems of body are under antagonistic control
4. 1 chemical signal can have different effects in diff tissues

Front 12

control that can be varied up or down by same effector

Back 12

tonic control
ex) volume on ipod

Front 13

type of control where 2 regulators w/ opposite effects on same variable

Back 13

antagonistic control
3x) heating & air

Front 14

paracrine & autocrine are ___ control

Back 14

local

Front 15

nervous & endocrine is __ control

Back 15

reflex
- long distances

Front 16

the ___ ___ evaluates signal & compares it to a set point & initiates response

Back 16

integrating center

Front 17

a change in a regulated variable

Back 17

stimulus

Front 18

___ monitors the variable& sends info to integrating center

Back 18

sensor/ receptor

Front 19

true or false- endocrine signals last longer than nervous system

Back 19

true

Front 20

in endocrine signalling the efferent signalling is a

Back 20

hormone

Front 21

neuroendocrine reflexes have how many integrating centers?

Back 21

2 or more

Front 22

these are classified chemically as peptides, steroids, or amines

Back 22

hormones

Front 23

__ hormones bind to membrane receptors

Back 23

peptide

Front 24

__ hormones are derived from cholesterol

Back 24

steroid

Front 25

steroid hormones in adrenal cortex are

Back 25

cortisol & aldosterone

Front 26

steroid hormone in ovary

Back 26

estradiol

Front 27

___ hormones bind to cytoplasmic receptors

Back 27

steroid
- most are bound to steroid plasma protein carriers
- receptors are in cytoplasm or nucleus

Front 28

what are 3 catecholamine hormones

Back 28

1. dopamine
2. norepinephrine
3. epinephrine

Front 29

what is an example of a thyroid hormone

Back 29

1. thyroxine

Front 30

__ is an amine hormone derived from the amino acid tryptophan

Back 30

melatonin

Front 31

what are the 2 tyrosine derivative hormones

Back 31

1. catecholamines
2. thyroid hormones

Front 32

___ pituitary is an extension of the neural tissue

Back 32

posterior

Front 33

___ pituitary is a true endrocrine gland of epithelial origin

Back 33

anterior

Front 34

– controls ejection of milk during breastfeeding
– Stimulates uterine contractions during labor
– other possible modulatory functions in the brain

Back 34

oxytocin
- posterior pituitary

Front 35

– regulates water balance (promotes water reabsorption)
– Target tissue is kidney
– also called antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Back 35

vasopressin
- posterior pituitary

Front 36

every anterior pituitary hormone is a trophic hormone except for ___

Back 36

prolactin

Front 37

the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system is used for what hormones

Back 37

anterior pituitary
-

Front 38

The combination of
hormones produces a
result that is greater
than additive.

Back 38

synergism

Front 39

One hormone cannot fully exert its effects unless a
second hormone is present is called

Back 39

permissiveness

Front 40

2 parts of periphral nervous system:

Back 40

afferent & efferent

Front 41

2 parts of efferent nervous system

Back 41

autonomic (smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, somatic (skeletal muscle)

Front 42

CNS is made of

Back 42

brain & spinal cord

Front 43

2 parts of autonomic system

Back 43

1. parasympathetic
2. sympathetic
- many shared targets usually antagonistic

Front 44

functional unit of the nervous system

Back 44

neuron

Front 45

space between axon terminal and target cell

Back 45

synaptic cleft

Front 46

__ neurons are afferent neurons

Back 46

sensory
- pseudounipolar & bipolar

Front 47

___ neurons are in the CNS

Back 47

interneurons

Front 48

__ neurons go from CNS to effectors

Back 48

efferent
- ex) motor

Front 49

__ nerves are both sensory & motor axons

Back 49

mixed

Front 50

cluster of nerve cell bodies in the PNS

Back 50

ganglion

Front 51

cluster of nerve cell bodies in CNS

Back 51

nucleus

Front 52

neurocrines are __ from axon terminal & ___ in cell body

Back 52

secreted; synthesized

Front 53

true or false- glial cells are only used for support cells

Back 53

true

Front 54

50% of all cells in brain are ___

Back 54

astrocytes

Front 55

what kind of cells form the myelin sheath

Back 55

schwann cells, oligodendrocytes

Front 56

the net amount of electrical charge produced by any process is 0

Back 56

law of conservation of electrical charge

Front 57

material that allows separated positive & negative charges to move freely toward each other

Back 57

conductor
- ex) water, cytoplasm

Front 58

material that prevents separated charges from moving toward each other

Back 58

insulator
ex) phospholipid bilayer

Front 59

flow of electrical charge carried by
an ion

Back 59

current

Front 60

The direction of ion movement depends on
the ___ ___ for the ion.

Back 60

electrochemical gradient

Front 61

amplitude (strength) is variable & depends on strength of initial stimulus
• Small stimulus creates small graded potential
• Voltage change may be in either direction- depolarizing or hyperpolarizing
• Usually ions involved: Na+, Cl-, and Ca2+

Back 61

graded potential

Front 62

true or false- graded potentials can add up

Back 62

true
- can also be inhibitory

Front 63

– A second action potential cannot be triggered regardless of
the strength of the stimulus
– Basis: time required for Na+ channel gates to reset
– Implications: Action potentials cannot overlap and cannot
travel backward.

Back 63

absolute refractory period

Front 64

– A stronger than normal depolarizing graded potential is
required to reach threshold and trigger an action potential,
which may be smaller than normal
– Basis: some (but not all) Na+ channels have reset, K+
channels are still open

Back 64

relative refractory period

Front 65

• Autoimmune disease –more common in women
• Antibodies destroy myelin sheath around neurons in CNS
• So K+ leaks out of cell through voltage-gated K+ channels- causes cells to become hyperpolarized (cell will require bigger potential to reach AP)
• Symptoms: muscle weakness, fatigue, decrease in coordination, paralyzed
• No cure

Back 65

MS

Front 66

• Demyelinating autoimmune disease
• Affects sensory & motor neurons in PNS
• Very rapid onset – can be paralyzed within a weak
• Can recover from it

Back 66

Guillain-Barre Syndrome

Front 67

axon terminal of neuron sending the signal

Back 67

presynaptic cell

Front 68

bind to NT and initiate some sort of response

Back 68

postsynaptic cell

Front 69

__ is made from acetyl-CoA & choline

Back 69

acetylcholine

Front 70

acetylcholine has 2 types of cholinergic receptors:

Back 70

nicotinic & muscarinic

Front 71

True or false- Norepinephrine (NE)- can be used as a NT, epinephrine cannot

Back 71

true, it can only be used as a neurohormone

Front 72

one controlling neuron coordinating a response is called

Back 72

divergence

Front 73

when a neuron receives info from multiple pre-synaptic cells when they converge on 1 post-synaptic cells

Back 73

convergence

Front 74

layer of meninges thick protective layer associated w/ veins that collect blood from brain through sinuses

Back 74

duramater

Front 75

true or false- In most regions, blood is kept separate from
neural tissue by the blood-brain barrier

Back 75

true

Front 76

____ fluid is inside the pia mater

Back 76

Interstitial

Front 77

___ is in ventricles and subarachnoid space

Back 77

CSF

Front 78

spinal cord divided into 2 areas-

Back 78

white matter & gray matter

Front 79

__ matter in spinal cord is unmyelinated & contains interneurons

Back 79

gray

Front 80

__ matter in spinal cord is myelinated & runs to/from the brain & between different parts of spinal cord

Back 80

white

Front 81

a __ reflex initiates a response w/o input from the brain

Back 81

spinal reflex

Front 82

___ is in charge of involuntary
functions (e.g., blood pressure,
breathing, swallowing, vomiting

Back 82

medulla oblongata

Front 83

___ is in charge of information relay point between
cerebrum and cerebellum; control of
breathing

Back 83

pons

Front 84

___ is in charge of eye movement

Back 84

midbrain

Front 85

__ is in charge of sleep/arousal, muscle tone, breathing, BP, pain

Back 85

reticular formation

Front 86

rest and digest is what branch of autonomic division

Back 86

parasympathetic

Front 87

fight or flight is what branch of autonomic division

Back 87

sympathetic

Front 88

major areas of limbic system:

Back 88

amygdala, cingulate gyrus, hippocampus

Front 89

amygdala & cingulate gyrus are linked to:

Back 89

emotion & memory

Front 90

hippocampus is associated with:

Back 90

learning & memory