Physio Test 1

Front 1

dualism

Back 1

belief that mind and body are distinctly different kinds of substance (thought ans physical) that exist independently yet somehow interact

Front 2

monism

Back 2

the belief that the universe consists of only one kind of substance

Front 3

materialitic monism

Back 3

everything that exists is material (physical). Mental events can be explained in physical terms

Front 4

mentalism

Back 4

the belief that only the mind really exists-the physical world exists only in our perceptions or imaginations

Front 5

identity position

Back 5

the belief tha mental processess are the same thing as certain kinds of brain rocesses,but described in different terms or from a different viewpoint

Front 6

researchers posistion (animal research)

Back 6

we need animal testing behavior is universal in its underlying terms

some experiments cannot be done on humans for ethical reasons

such esearch will be of benefit to the animals too

Front 7

minimalist position

Back 7

some animal research is acceptable but it should be minimalized and regulatd.

Front 8

abolitionist position

Back 8

all animals have the same rights as humans and since they cannot give informed consent they should not be used in experiments

Front 9

gene

Back 9

units of heredity located on chromosomes composed of DNA

Front 10

Chromosome

Back 10

strands of genes composed of double stranded DNA 24 pairs 48 total chomosomes

Front 11

RNA

Back 11

single strand of ribonucleic acid, serves as a template for protain synthesis

Front 12

homozygous gene pair

Back 12

same gene recieved rom mother and father AA, aa, BB,

Front 13

heterozygous gene pair

Back 13

different gene from each parent, Ab, AB, Bb,

Front 14

dominant gene

Back 14

always expressed, written with uppercas letters AA, BB

Front 15

recessive gene

Back 15

only expressed when each parent contibutes a recessive gene aa, bb

Front 16

sex-linked gene

Back 16

a gene located on the X or Y chromosome (usually X it has more genes)

Front 17

autosomal genes

Back 17

not sex linked, not located on X or Y

Front 18

sex-limited genes

Back 18

a trait(gene) present in both sexes but trigered (expressed) by sex hormones. ex. mena and women have breast but femal hormones make them grow larger in women

Front 19

sources of variation

Back 19

mutation- genes change on a chromosome. ex. radiationcan change genes

recombination-breaking off of genes during development forming a new pattern

Front 20

environments

Back 20

prenatal-important- medications, drugs, alcohol, smoke

physical- chemicals, lead in water

learning-social

Front 21

multiplier effect

Back 21

start w/genetic advantage, environment encourages advantage, individuals prospers in this area

Front 22

neuron

Back 22

basic operating unit of the nervous system. Neurons recieve info from and transmit info to other cells.

Front 23

cell membrane

Back 23

a plasma membrane composed of 2 layers of fat molecules allowing them to flow freely into and out of the cell, but restrcts the flow of most chemicals.

Front 24

cel nucleus

Back 24

a membrane structure within the neuron cell body which contains the DNA of the cell. The DNA is organized into chromosomes

Front 25

mitochondrion

Back 25

structure that carries out metabolic activities proiding the cell with energy. Requires Oxygen and fuel to function. The power plant of the cell.

Front 26

ribosomes

Back 26

site of protein synthesis in the cell. Som ribosomes flost freely in the cell, while others are attached to th endoplasmic reticulum.

Front 27

endoplasmic reticulum

Back 27

a network of thin tubes that transport newly synthesized proteinsto other locations

Front 28

dendrites

Back 28

branches which extended from the cell body. Dendrites receive info from other neurons and sensory receptors and transmit that information to the rest of the neuron

Front 29

dendritic spines

Back 29

increase the surface area of the dendrites thus inceasing the information processing capacity of the neuron

Front 30

cell body (soma)

Back 30

Contains the nucleous, ribosomes, mitochondria and other structurees found in most cells. Also recieves information from other neurons and transmits information toward the axon hillock.

Front 31

axon hillock

Back 31

where axon connects to cell body

Front 32

axon

Back 32

A logn, thin fiber that is the information sending part of the neuron, Send electrochemical impulses to other neurons, orgas, glands or muscles.

Front 33

Myelin Sheath

Back 33

nsulating covering. Speeds up neural transmission and keeps neural messages from becoming scrambled.

Front 34

Nodes of Ranvier

Back 34

short unmyelinated sections of myelinated axons occuring every millimeter along the axon and about 1 micrometer in length

Front 35

Presynaptic axon Terminals (Bouton o End Bulb)

Back 35

Swelling at the tip of the axon. The part of the neuron that releases neurotransmtter chemicals that cross the synaptic gap (junction) between one neuron and the next neuron, organ, gland or muscle.

Front 36

Sensory Neurons

Back 36

sensitive to certain kinds of stimulation. afferent, carries into CNS.

Unipolar-1 connection to cell body

bipolar-2 connections to the cell body

multipolar- multiple connections to th cell body

Front 37

motor neurons

Back 37

conduct nerve impulses from the spinal cord to the organs, muscles and glands. Efferent takes message out of CNS

Front 38

iterneurons

Back 38

neurons found between other neuronsinside CNS, primarily in the spinal cord, and are by far the most numerous type of neuron in the nervous system. There are two types of interneuton depending on the length of the axon.

Front 39

projection neurons

Back 39

these neurons have a long axon, making them ideally suited for transmitting information over long distances in the central nervous system.

Front 40

local circuit neurons

Back 40

short axons (sometimes no axon), an profuse branching of both dendrites and the axon. Ideally suited for information processing, proiding the cellular basis for our ability to cordinate stimulus-response relationships.

Front 41

keys points to note about neurons

Back 41

1. Neurons can also be classified as afferent or efferent.
2.Neurons vary enormously in size, shape and specific function.
3. A neuron's function is closely related to its shape.
4. A neuron's shape is plastic as new experiences can modify its shape.

Front 42

glial cells

Back 42

not directly involved in the transmission of information over long distances in the nervous system, tey do exchange chemicals with neurons and can impact neural activity.

Front 43

Oligodendrocytes

Back 43

form the myelin sheath around certain neurons in the brain and spinal cord.

Front 44

microglia

Back 44

seve as phagocytes, ingesting the decaying tissue of damaged neutons, as well as viruses, fungi and other microorgansms. These cells function like a part of the immune system.

Front 45

Radial Glia

Back 45

Guide the migration of neurons and the growth of axons and dendrites during embryonic development.

Front 46

astrocytes

Back 46

provide mechanical support for the neuron, also serve as phagocytes, ingesting waste material from damaged neurons, and form scar tissue to fill the empty space left fter the debris has been cleared. Helps form the blood brain barrier.

Front 47

schwann cells

Back 47

form th myelin sheath around certain neurons in the periphery of the body. They also serve as phagoctes, clearing up damaged neural tissue, and guide the regeneration of damaged axons.

does thi one cell at a time like an egg wrapping around an axon

Front 48

Satellite Cells

Back 48

Provide mechanical support and insulation for neurons.

Front 49

neuroglial cell bad effects

Back 49

major source of tumors and other nervous system diseases