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105 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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major cations of ICF
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K, Mg
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major anions of ICF
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protein, phosphates
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major cations of ECF
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Na, Ca
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major anions of ECF
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Cl, HCO3
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marker for TBW
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tritiated water
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marker for ECF
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mannitol
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marker for plasma
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evans blue
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concentration eqn
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amount/volume
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which condition would inc HCT but dec serum [Na]
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hyperosmotic volume expansion
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which condition would dec HCT but inc serum [Na]
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hypoosmotic volume contraction
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clearance eqn
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Cl = [urine]/[plasma] x urine vol
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renal blood flow is how much of cardiac output
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25%
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2 causes renal arteriole vascoconstriction
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SNS, A-II
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5 causes renal arteriole vasodilation
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PGE2, PGI2, bradykinin, NO, dopamine
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myogenic mech of autoregulation RBF
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inc RAP -> inc stretch -> myogenic contraction -> inc resistance
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tubuloglomerular mech of autoregulation RBF
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inc RAP -> inc delivery to macular densa -> constrict afferent arteriole -> inc resistance
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PAH is
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filtered and secreted by renal tubules
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PAH Clearance correlates to
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Renal plasma flow (when below Tm)
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RBF eqn?
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RBF = RPF/1-HCT
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inulin is
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filtered and not reabsorbed nor secreted
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inulin clearance correlates to
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GFR
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BUN/Cr ratio indicate
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which type of azotemia (> 20)
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fx of age on GFR
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dec
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filtration fraction eqn
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FF = GFR/RPF
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GFR Starling eqn
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GFR = Kf [(PGC-PBS) - (πGC - πBS)]
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oncontic pressure of bowman's space usu
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zero
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hydrostatic pressure of glomerular capillary inc by 2
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dilation afferent arteriole; constriction efferent arteriole
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hydrostatic pressure of bowman's space inc by 1
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ureter constriction
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oncotic pressure of glomerular cap inc by 1
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inc protein conc
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fx of afferent arteriole contraction on GFR
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dec
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fx of afferent arteriole contraction on RPF
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dec
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fx of afferent arteriole contraction on FF
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no change
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fx of efferent arteriole contraction on GFR
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inc
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fx of efferent arteriole contraction on RPF
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dec
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fx of efferent arteriole contraction on FF
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inc
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fx of incr plasma [protein] on GFR
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dec
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fx of incr plasma [protein] on RPF
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no change
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fx of incr plasma [protein] on FF
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dec
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fx of ureteral stone on GFR
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dec
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fx of ureteral stone on RPF
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no change
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fx of ureteral stone on FF
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dec
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filtered load eqn
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GFR x [plasma]
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excretion rate eqn
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volume x [urine]
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reabsorption rate eqn
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FL - ER
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secretion rate eqn
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ER - FL
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glucose first appears in urine at which plasma [glucose]
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250 mg/dL
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to inc excretion of weak acid, make urine pH
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alkaline (less back-diffusion)
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to inc excretion of weak base, make urine pH
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acidic (less back-diffusion)
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if TF/P = 1.0 then
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no reabsorption or secretion
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if TF/P < 1 then
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net reabsorption
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if TF/P > 1 then
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net secretion
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correct TF/P ratio compares x to
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inulin
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corrected TF/P ratio provides
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fraction of filtered load remaing at any point along nephron
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PCT absorb how much Na
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67%
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early PCT absorb Na how
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Na/H exchange (promote HCO3 reabsorption)
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late PCT absorb Na how
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NaCl cotransport
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TAL absorb how much Na
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25%
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TAL absorb Na how
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Na/K/2Cl
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TAL is lumen positive - why?
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some K diffuses back
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DCT absorb how much Na
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5%
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CD absorb how much Na
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3%
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principal cells reabsorb
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Na, H2O
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principal cells secrete
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K
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a-intercalated cells reabsorb
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K via H/K ATPase
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a-intercalated cells secrete
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H via H/K ATPase
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aldosterone stim
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principal cells
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PCT absorb how much K
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67%
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TAL absorb how much K
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20%
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risk factors that inc K secretion 6
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high K diet, hyperaldo, alkalosis, thiazides, loop diuretics, luminal anions
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risk factors that dec K secretion 4
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low K diet, hypoaldo, acidosis, K-sparing diuretics
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ADH inc urea perm of
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inner medullary collecting duct
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fx of H2O reabsorption on urea excretion
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inc H2O reabsorption -> dec flow rate -> inc urea reabsorption -> dec urea excretion
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PCT absorb how much PO4
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85%
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fx of PTH on urine
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inc phosphate, inc cAMP
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Ca absorption in PCT & TAL by what process
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passive (coupled to Na)
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Ca absorption in DCT & CD by what process
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active (coupled to cAMP)
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loop diuretic Tx which type of Ca problem
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hypercalcemia
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thiazides Tx which type of Ca problem
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idiopathic hypercalciuria
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what competes w/ Ca for reabsorption
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Mg
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osmolarity from cortex to papilla
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inc
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corticopapillary osmotic gradient established by 2
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countercurrent multiplication; urea recycling
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corticopapillary osmotic gradiant maintained
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countercurrent exchange in vasa recta
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ADH fx on TAL
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inc corticopapillar gradient by stim NaCl reabsorption
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ADH fx on medullary CD
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inc urea recycling
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ADH inc TF/P of
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DCT, CD
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free water calculation
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Cl of H2O = urine flow rate - osmolar clearance
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ADH fx on free water clearance
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makes it negative
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ADH V1 v. V2 mech of action
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V1 = Gq; V2 = Gs
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ANP mech of action
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cGMP
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volatile acid 1
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CO2
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nonvolatile/fixed acid 4
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sulfate, ketoacid, lactate, salicylate
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extracellular buffers 2
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HCO3, HPO4
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most important urinary buffer
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phosphate
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intracellular buffers 2
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organic phosphates, proteins
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henderson-hasselbach eqn
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pH = pKa + log[A-]/[HA]
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Mech for Na/HCO3 cotransport
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Na in/H out -> H2CO3 -> CO2 + H2O via CA -> inside cell -> H2CO3 -> H + HCO3 via CA -> HCO3 reabsorbed
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what blood-side pump is necessary for Na/HCO3 cotransport
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Na/K ATPase
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renal compensation for resp acidosis
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inc PCO2 -> inc supply of H+ for secretion -> inc HCO3 absorption
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ECF volume expansion fx on HCO3 reabsorption
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dec
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ECF volume contraction fx on HCO3 reabsorption
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inc (contraction alkalosis)
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what hormone promote contraction alkalosis
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angiotensin II
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new HCO3 formed by
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H+ secreted by ATPase -> join NH3 or HPO4 -> excreted
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Aldo fx on H+ secretion
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inc H+ ATPase
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acidosis & hypokalemia fx on H+ secretion
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inc NH3 synth from gln
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hyperkalemia fx on H+ secretion
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inh NH3 synth from gln
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