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87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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NMDA receptors high in which area of the hippocampus
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CA1
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Right hippocampus
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spatial, pictures
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Left Hippocampus
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Language
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Role of Hippocampus
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incorperate context into memory
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what part of brain lights up when ppl are going the explicit memory test?
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Left hippo
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Explicit =
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RECALL
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implicit
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word completion
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Korsakoffs Syndrome
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severe anterograde amnesia, confabulation, chronic alcholics
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Korsakoffs Syndrome caused by what
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deficency in thiamine B1
alcohol affects thiame absorption... and the dont get it in the diet |
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Damage in Korsakoffs
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mamillary bodies and connections to thalamus (MAMMILOTHALAMIC TRACT)
- hippocampus and fornix |
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DAMAGE- korsakoffs
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prefrontal cortex
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Structures involved in memory
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Hippocampus and its inputs and outputs
INPUT = entorrhinal cortex OUTPUT = fornix |
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Damage to the prefrontal cortex leads to..
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confabulation and damage to working memory (short term)
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Structure involved in emotional Learning
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Amygdala - conditioned emotional response
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STUDY
independent variable.. dependent varibale |
indep = lights .. red -horn
depend= dev of conditioned emotional response episodic memory |
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results
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damage to the amygdala = impaired conditioned emotional response - no skin conductance. but could tell you what happened
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damage to hippocampus
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impairment to the recall.. but had skin conductance
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Structures involved in Implicit memory
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Cerebellum - sensorimotor skills
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Implicit memory
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striatum - memories for stimulus response
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what are short term satiety signals
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food being absorbed
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what are long term satiety signals
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signal from adipose tissue about long term nutrient resevoir
modulates sensitivity of brain areas involved in hunger |
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what is the short term satiety signal from the duodenum?
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CHOLECYSTOKININ CCK
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what are the functions of CCk
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cause gall bladder to release bile
inhibits stomach contractions sends signal to brain via vagus nerve |
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what is CCk
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a peptide hormone
released in response to fats |
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what axons from duodenum are sensitive to glucose, aas, and fa;s
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AFFERENT
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entry of food into the duodenum .. causes you to eat more or less
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lESS
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Short term satiety signal
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LIVER
signals from the liver continue the satiety started by duodenum |
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study with dogs
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glucose injected into the portal vien vs jugular vien
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long term satiety signal.. study with ob mutant mine
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they got fat
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long term satiety signal
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LEPTIN.. from adipose tissue
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in the 1950s and 1940s it was first hypothesized that if the Lateral hypothalamus was lesioned
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then you would stop eating and drinking
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in the 1950s and 1940s it was first hypothesized that if the ventromedial hypthalamus was lesioned
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then it would disrupt ANS and cause increased eating = obesity
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what are the names of the 2 neurons that play a role in stimulating hunger and decreasing metabolism in Lateral Hypothalamus
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Melanin concentration hormone
orecin A |
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cells that produce MCH and orexin project to areas invloved in (3 things)
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modivation
movement and metabolism!!! |
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Non Exercise Activity Thermogenesis
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NEAT - aka fidget factor - always moving
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Is obesity caused by a faulty gene?
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rare!
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Sensitivity to leptin?
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difficult to get across the blood brain barrier
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Leptin and Obesity Blood levels =?
CSF=? |
Blood ratio = 318%
CSF ratio = 30%**** |
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Nimiety
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uncomfortable fulness
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Treatments to obesity
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Serotonin agonists - increase the release of serotonin "Fen Fen" increase risk of heart attack supress eating
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Sibutrimine
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supress eating
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Anorexia - only ___% recover
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29%
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are anorexics just not hungry?
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no becuase they are still secreting insulin in the presence of food
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Brain changes in anorexia
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CT SCAN
- enlarged ventricles and sulci |
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After stopping anorexia
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ventricles do not return to normal.. sulci do!
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Neuropeptide Y in CSF is elevated while anorexic T or F
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TRUE!
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Leptin is high or low when anorexic
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LOW - little fat cells, it also returns to normal before weight does.. therefore its hard to reach normal weight
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anorexia Drug treatments
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Cyproheptadine (antihistamine + antiserotonergic drug)
Bulimia = fluoxetine (prozac) |
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TOools to investigate sleep
name 3 |
electroencephalogram EEG
electromyogram (EMG) electrooculogram (EOG) |
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EEG patterns
Awake - ____ waves ALERT |
BETA waves
desynchrony |
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Awake - Relaxed or eyes closed
___ waves |
ALPHA waves
synchrony brain processing less infor |
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Sleep - stage 1
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transition between sleep and wakefullness
-theta activity -10 mins eyelids droopy .. head nodes |
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Stage 2
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theta acvitity
Sleep spindles - ignore noise from external environment K Complexes - make less sensitive to noise - once asleep stay asleep - 15 mins |
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Stages 3 and 4
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slow wave sleep
delta activity cerebral blood flow decreases hard to wake people, groogy thoughts, images and nightterrors , somnambulism |
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somnambulism
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sleep walking
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REM / Dream Sleep/ Paradoxial Sleep
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desyncronyzed EEG (resembeles alertness)
Genital Activity Paralysis REM - rapid eye movemetns forget about dreams fast no muscle movement increased blood flow in cerebral blood in visual association areas DECREASED cerebral blood flow in frontal cortex |
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First half of the night.. more in what sleep.?
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slow wave sleep stages 3 &4
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Second half of the night .. more in what sleep//
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REM sleep
less deep sleep |
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Slow wave sleep - deep sleep
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Experiments - treadmill
museum and hairdryer |
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exercise experiment
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25% more time in deep sleep than the ppl running infront of the fan
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recovery from intense mental activity
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increased slow wave sleep
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hairdryer
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increased slow wave sleep
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slow wave sleep increased b/c...
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brain need to recuperate.. brain metabolism ..
release of growth hormone healing the body paropologixs - cannot move but still spend time in slow wave sleep |
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circadian rhythm
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purpose to avoid predators?
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dude that slept a lot
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didnt catch up on sleep hours but slept more in deep sleep less in stage 1 and 2
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REM sleep
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memory consolidation
flushing of useless info |
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rem rebound
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someone deprived of REM sleep - then allow them to sleep - they will spend more time in REM sleep
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FXNS of REM sleep
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brain development!!!
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more developed brain..
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less REM sleep
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as a rodent learns something.. they have
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INCREASED REM
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as this becomes consolidated into LT memory
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they decrease REM sleep
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sleeping disorders
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insomnia
sleep apnea narcolepsy REM with Atonia Problems with Slow wave sleep |
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Insomnia
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25% of pop
9% regularly when you are awake you dont feel well rested |
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what isthe cause of insomnia
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sleeping meds
tolerance and withdrawl imsonmia cannot be treated with medications |
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insomnia is usually a...
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SYMPTOM! treat ofther stresses first..
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treatmesnts - insomnia
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keep a regimented lifestyle
- sleep same amt everynight - schedule - no caffeine or alcohol |
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sleeping pills
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go to bed 15 mins earlier - sleep extra 30 mins
- vallum- not well rested tolerance andwithdrawl - must incrase dose for same affect |
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sleep apnea
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- cessation of breathing while sleepign
- ppl always tired co2 biuilds up - chemoreceptors - breath - wake up breath - fall asleep LONG TERM ACTIVIATION OF THE SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYST |
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treatment for sleep apnea
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cause - obstructed airway
- relaxation of soft tissue= stop breathing Treatment - diet and exercise speciallty pillows pressurized air mask - more commone when on BACK |
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sleep apnea
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more common in males. older ppl. obese
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narcolepsy
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numbness seizure - sleep at inappropriate times
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symptoms
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sleep attack - irresitable urge to fall asleep
cataplexy - down stroke.. REM sleep - paralyzed so muscles dont work sleep paralysis |
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sleep paralysis
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hypnogogic (GOING to sleep) or hypnopopic (WAKING up) hallucinactions
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Narcolepsy causes
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mutation in gene for orexin B receptor
skip slow wave sleep - directly to REM |
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treatments
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stimulants - eg ritalin
catecholamine agonists(noradren, seratonin) (INCREASE RELEASE OF NORAD AND SEROTONIN) drugs that act of orexin B receptors |
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REM without Atonia
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lack of paralysis when asleep in REM sleep
inherited disorder caused by damage to the regions of the reticular formation that inhibit movement TREATEMENT = Drugs (bexoldiazephines) - vallium |
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PROB with slow wave sleep
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commonly seen in children
nocturnal enuresis somnambulism pavor nocturnus (night terrors) |
