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241 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Types of neurotransmitters
|
ACh
Catecholamines Serotonin GABA Glutamate Endorphins |
|
excessive levels or oversensitivity to_____
linked to schizophrenia and mania |
dopamine
|
|
ACh: function
|
voluntary motor movements
memory * LOW levels ACh in Alzheimer's |
|
Agonists
|
mimics the action of a neurotransmitter
|
|
Catecholamines: function
|
personality
mood drive * catecholamine hypot * dopamine hypot |
|
Antagonists
|
a compound that blocks or inhibits the action of a neurotransmitter
|
|
Examples of catecholamines
|
norepinephrine
epinephrine dopamine |
|
1. Glutamate is involved with...
2. In terms of alcohol and glutamate... |
1.involved with learning and memory
2.alcohol acts to inhibit a subset of glutamate receptors (thus impairing learning and memory) |
|
Catecholamine hypothesis
|
Depression due to:
LOW levels norepinephrine |
|
Severing the corpus callosum has the greatest impact on
|
on sensory systems
|
|
Dopamine hypothesis
|
Schizophrenia due to:
HIGH levels dopamine |
|
ADHD most commonly linked to reduced blood flow
to |
Frontal Lobes
|
|
Serotonin: function
|
hunger
temperature regulation sexual activity aggression onset of sleep |
|
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Region plays a role in
|
attention, working memory (recall), and other EF; damage to
this area does not have much impact on intelligence |
|
Serotonin hypothesis
|
Schizophrenia & Autism associated with:
HIGH levels serotonin Depression, PTSD, OCD associated with: LOW levels serotonin |
|
Frontal lobe damage (or immaturity) connected to
|
false recollections and conflabulation
|
|
GABA: function
|
INHIBITORY FUNCTION
sleep eating seizure anxiety disorder * LOW levels GABA in Huntington's Disease |
|
temporal lobe epilepsy has been linked with changes in sexuality
|
changes in sexuality
|
|
Glutamate: function
|
EXCITATORY
learning long-term memory HIGH glutamate in Huntington's & Alzheimer's |
|
what forms of memory (name 3) are affected in the medial temporal lobe
|
this area affects semantic memory, spatial memory, episodic memory; contains part of the temporal lobe and hippocampus
|
|
Medulla: function
[brainstem; hindbrain] |
vital ANS functions:
circulation respiration |
|
Medulla: damage
[brainstem; hindbrain] |
fatal
|
|
lessions on the right parietal lobe
|
can cause contralateral neglect on left
|
|
Pons: function
[brainstem; hindbrain] |
transmits motor info from higher brain & spinal cord to cerebellum
integrates movements in R & L sides of body respiration feeding sleep |
|
BASAL GANGLIA (includes caudate nucleus)
|
--voluntary motor control, central to implicit memory
|
|
Cerebellum: function
[brainstem; hindbrain] |
balance
posture coordinated & refined motor movements |
|
achromatopsia
|
partial or complete colorblindness due to little or no function of the cone cells or to damage to the occipitotemporal area
|
|
Caudate Nucleus
(function? if damaged?) |
-highly involved in learning and memory (implicit)
-implicated in responses to visual beauty -regulatory role, decreased inhibition of movements -if damage, unable to properly regulate the transmission of information regarding worrying events or ideas |
|
agnosia
|
inability to recognize familiar objects or sounds
|
|
Cerebellum: damage
[brainstem; hindbrain] |
"ataxia"
lack of balance severe tremors drunken-like movements |
|
Hypothalamus
|
located (in/close to) temporal lobe, involved in survival behaviors (sex, hunger, sleep), influences the pituitary gland
|
|
Reticular Activating System (RAS): function
[midbrain] |
screens incoming info & relays to higher centers of brain
arousal |
|
akathisia
|
inability to sit or stand still; uncomfortable sense of restlessness
|
|
ANTERIOR CINGULATE CORTEX
|
-Upper part-helps you make social
decisions -Lower part-plays a role in regulating emotional conflict -IS OFTEN ASSOCIATED WITH PROBLEMS SHIFTING ATTENTION which may be clinically manifested by cognitive inflexibility, obsessive thoughts, compulsive behaviors, excessive worrying, argumentativeness, oppositional behavior or "getting stuck" on certain thoughts or actions |
|
akinesia
|
complete or almost complete loss of movement
|
|
Reticular Activating System (RAS): damage
[midbrain] |
disrupts normal sleep-wakefulness cyle
possible permanent coma-like sleep |
|
Sleep Waves (from alert to deep sleep)
|
beta (alert), alpha (awake relaxation), theta (first stages of sleep), delta (deep sleep)
|
|
anomia
|
type of aphasia involving an inability to recall the names of objects
|
|
Thalamus: function
[diencephalon; forebrain] |
"relay station" for all sensory input (EXCEPT olfaction)
|
|
Following sleep deprivation, there is
|
a rebound effect; on subsequent nights the person will have an increase in time spent dreaming
|
|
Thalamus: damage
[diencephalon; forebrain] |
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
- caused by thiamine deficiney as a result of alcoholism |
|
Traditional Antipsychotics (haloperidol, flupentixol, perphenzine)
(what improves first? what NT do they affect? what are the side effects) |
-first improve
hallucinations -blocks dopamine receptors -side effects…parkinsonism, tardive dyskinesia, related to actions on dopamine receptors, tardive dyskinesia responds well to benzo’s |
|
aphasia
|
(remember "phrase") distrubance in previously acquired language skills
|
|
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
(cause? sx's?) |
caused by thiamine deficiney as a result of alcoholism
severe anterograde amnesia retrograde amnesia (more for recent memories than remote) confabulation |
|
Atypical Antipsychotics
(onset, side effects, NT, used for what disorders as well) |
-slower onset than traditional, works on + and - sx's
-less likely to cause tardive dyskinesia -less likely to produce extrapyramidal side effects (muscle spasms, restlessness, pseudoparkonsonism -blood problems (agranulocytosis—not enough white blood cells, fever, sore throat, lethargy) -blocks dopamine receptors as well as receptors for serotonin and glutamate -can also be used for bipolar d/o, addictions, motor sx's from parkinson's and huntington's |
|
apraxia
|
inability to carry out purposeful movements despite normal muscle power and control
|
|
Hypothalamus: function
[diencephalon; forebrain] |
maintains body's internal HOMEOSTASIS
controls ANS & endocrine glands mediates basic drives regulates emotional expression |
|
Gradual withdrawal of antipsychotic may ______ Tardive Dyskinesia but in many patients, eventually results in
decrease in sx’s |
exacerbate
|
|
asomatognosia
|
inability to recognize parts of one's own body
|
|
Amygdala: function
[limbic sys; telencephalon; forebrain] |
controls emotional activities
mediates defensive-aggressive bheaviours attaches emotions to memories |
|
mixed serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors are (MORE or LESS) effective than selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
|
more
|
|
ataxia
|
incoordination, clumsiness, lack of balance
|
|
Amygdala: damage
[limbic sys; telencephalon; forebrain] |
reduced aggressiveness
Kluver-Bucy Syndrome - compulsive oral behaviours - hypersexuality - visual agnosia |
|
SSRI
(name five disorders? do any sx's initially worsen? how does it affect cognitive processes?) |
--Effective for melancholic depression, OCD, Bulimia, Panic DO, PTSD
--may initially worsen sleep and anxiety --SSRI’s (of all psych meds) least likely to affect concentration, attention, and memory |
|
athetosis
|
slow writhing involuntary movements
|
|
Kluver-Bucy Syndrome
|
damage to amygdala
compulsive oral behaviours hypersexuality visual agnosia |
|
MAOI
(what is it effective for? what are the foods you need to watch out for?) |
--Effective for
atypical depression --need to watch out for foods containing amino acid tyramine (Aged Cheese and meat, avocados, yogurt, soy)—cream and cottage cheese is ok |
|
Hippocampus: function
[limbic sys; telencephalon; forebrain] |
consolidation of memory
|
|
bradykinesia
|
slowness of movement
|
|
To reduce hand tremors for those on Lithium
|
use beta-blocker
|
|
Hippocampus: damage
[limbic sys; telencephalon; forebrain] |
inability to form new memories
|
|
Beta-Blocker (Propranolol)
(what is it used to treat, 5 all together? side effects?) |
-Treat high blood pressure, cardiovascular disorders, migraine headaches, glaucoma, and physical sx’s of anxiety
-side effects: bradycardia (10%), depression (fatigue & malaise, 10%);decreased sexual ability (10%); coldness in extremities (1%); should not be discontinued suddenly |
|
chorea
|
irregular, involuntary, rapid jerky movements, usually in the face, limbs, and trunk
|
|
Frontal lobe: function
[cerebral cortex] |
emotion & personality
planning decision making |
|
Benzos
(what happens when there is abrupt cessation?) |
--abrupt cessation can lead to rebound anxiety more commonly; in extreme cases, can be life threatening
|
|
dyskinesia
|
abnormal muscle movement including twitchy, jerky, and writhing movements
|
|
Cerebral cortex makes _____ % of the brain's total weight
|
80%
|
|
Closed head injuries/Cerebral Trauma
(what happens upon recovery? What about amnesia? when a person "comes to" what does he orient to?) |
-Loss of consciousness
-Upon recovery of consciousness, there is a period of post-traumatic anterograde amnesia -longer the coma or duration of PTA (>24 hours), more severe the cognitive injuries -retrograde amnesia, with recent memories affected more than remote -orientation to personal info, then to place, then to time ("I'm Bill, I'm in the hospital, and it's Monday") |
|
dysprosody
|
disturbance in the stress, pitch, and rhythm of speech (think "rhapsody")
|
|
Parkinsonism
|
masklike face, hand tremor, increasing rigidity, slowed voluntary movement
|
|
Frontal lobe: damage
[cerbral cortex] |
changes in personality
loss of a sense of "self" inability to carry out plans |
|
Cerebral Stroke
(sx's, left vs. right hemi, time for improvement) |
--sx’s: paralysis of
opposite side body, sensory loss, visual disturbances, aphasia; -if it affects the dominant left hemisphere, aphasia likely, slow, cautious behavior -if stroke right hemisphere, unilateral neglect --most improvement occurs within the first six months with physical disabilities resolving faster than cognitive |
|
Middle Artery
|
One of the three major arteries that supply blood to the cerebral cortex. It supplies portions of the
frontal, parietal and temporal lobes, as well as some deeper structures beneath the cortex |
|
Paresthesia
|
altered sensation in the skin that causes numbness or tingling
(Greek para ("beside", i.e., abnormal) and aisthesia ("sensation") |
|
Parietal lobe: function
[cerbral cortex] |
somatosensory cortex
pain pressure heat cold |
|
Huntington's Disease
(sx's? MRI?) |
-Hereditary
-Involuntary jerky movements -Impaired memory or judgment & Depression (often precede motor sx's) -MRI would show atrophy in the caudate nucleus (basal ganglia) -Decreased amounts of GABA leads to an overproduction of dopamine and results in chorea (uncontrollable and irregular muscle movements, especially of the arms, legs, and face). |
|
tardive dyskinesia
|
repetitive oral and facial grimaces, tongue movements, spasms of the neck and head, jerky movements of the limbs and trunk
|
|
Parietal lobe: damage
[cerbral cortex] |
impairments in:
spatial orientation touch facial recognition * can cause Gerstmann syndrome |
|
Myasthenia gravis
|
-autoimmune response
- the body produces antibodies that block the muscle cells from receiving messages (neurotransmitters) from the nerve cell -weakness in eye and facial muscles, difficulty swallowing, slurred speech -reduction of ACh receptors |
|
prosopagnosia
|
inability to recognize familiar faces
|
|
Temporal: function
[cerbral cortex] |
auditory perception
|
|
Alzheimer's: Neurotransmitter
|
reduced synthesis of acetycholine, so meds that slow acetycholine depletion are often
administered |
|
synesthesia
|
a rare condition in which the stimulation of one sensory modality triggers a sensation in another sensory modality
|
|
Occipital: function
[cerbral cortex] |
visual perception
|
|
Complex Partial Seizures
|
focal onset in both hemi (any lobe but usually temporal, including parts of the limbic structures) of the brain and causes impairment in consciousness
|
|
limbic system is primary associated with ___________
|
emotion
|
|
Simple Partial Seizures
|
focal onset in one hemisphere of the brain (temporal and/or hippocampi) with or without loss of consciousness
|
|
4 lobes of cerebral cortex
|
frontal
parietal temporal occipital |
|
Tonic-Clonic Seizures
(what part of the brain does it affect? what does it look like?) |
affects the entire brain, tonic: tension, clonic: convulsion
|
|
Basal Ganglia: function
[telencephalon; forebrain] |
planning
organizing voluntary movement regulating motor actions |
|
Korsakoff’s syndrome
|
-form of dementia
-Deficiency in thiamine (B1) due to poor diet and alcohol preventing thiamine absorption in the stomach. Symptoms usually include ANTEROGRADE and retrograde amnesia and confabulation -involves damage to mamillary bodies (INVOLVED IN EXPLICIT MEMORY) and the medial thalamus; confabulation is due to frontal lobe damage. -Thiamine therapy can stop the damage if administered early in the course of the disease -Frontal/Temporal (thalamus,hypothalamus, mamillary bodies) |
|
Basal Ganglia: associated disorders
[telencephalon; forebrain] |
Parkinson's
Tourette's Huntington's Mania Depression OCD Psychosis |
|
True or False: biofeedback is more effective in treating
tension headaches than migraines |
TRUE
|
|
hemispheric specialization
|
LEFT (dominant)
verbal activities analytical, logical thought positive emotional states RIGHT visual-spatial activities e.g. facial recognition spatial interpretation memory for shapes negative emotions |
|
corpus callosum
|
major pathway for info travelling between hemispheres
|
|
True or False: biofeedback alone and relaxation training alone
to be equally effective |
TRUE
|
|
2 branches of nervous system
|
central nervous system
peripheral nervous system |
|
Asia and African-American patients: (in terms of dosages)
|
require lower doses to obtain the same therapeutic effects and experience more severe
side effects from the same dose |
|
structures of CNS
|
brain
spinal cord |
|
Apraxia
|
a person is unable to perform tasks or movements
when asked even though the request or command is understood (usually a result of parietal lobe damage) · They are willing to perform the task · The muscles needed to perform the task work properly · The task may have already been learned |
|
Autonomic Nervous System: function
|
controls internal glands/organs, including:
heart bladder stomach endocrine glands |
|
Apraxia and the Brain
|
frontal and/or parietal areas damaged; also implicated are motor cortex and corpus callosum
|
|
sympathetic nervous system: function
[autonomic nervous sys; peripheral nervous sys] |
active during stress & excitement
promotes energy expenditure by: inc blood sugar accelerating breathing raising blood pressure & heart rate |
|
Childhood memories are
|
more enduring,
children under age 2 can recall some past events |
|
Ataxia
|
lack of muscle coordination during voluntary movements
|
|
parasympathetic nervouse system: function
[autonomic nervous sys; peripheral nervous sys] |
operates during states of relaxation
helps body conserve energy by: slowing heart rate & blood flow inhibiting glucose release constricting blood vessels |
|
suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN): location & function
|
hypothalamus
mediates sleep-wake cycle mediates circadian rhythms *involved in Seasonal Affective Disorder |
|
Dysarthria
|
a motor speech disorder
|
|
Broca's area: location & function
[premotor cortex; frontal lobe; cerebral cortex] |
premotor cortex
speech production |
|
Nystagmus
|
involuntary eye movement
|
|
Broca's area: location & function
[premotor cortex; frontal lobe; cerebral cortex] |
premotor cortex
speech production |
|
Broca's area: damage
[premotor cortex; frontal lobe; cerebral cortex] |
Broca's (expressive) aphasia
- difficulties in producing spoken & written language |
|
Hyperthyroidism
(Grave’s Disease) |
sped up metabolism, increased body temperature, weight loss, increased appetite,
emotional lability, insomnia MAI WET |
|
Broca's area: damage
[premotor cortex; frontal lobe; cerebral cortex] |
Broca's (expressive) aphasia
- difficulties in producing spoken & written language |
|
Prefrontal cortex: function
[frontal lobe; cerebral cortex] |
complex behaviours
emotion semory self-awareness executive functions |
|
Hypothyroidism
|
depression,
weight gain, lowered body temperature, deficits in concentration and thinking |
|
PONS
|
Connects 2 halves of cerebellum. Integrates movements between right and left sides of the body. Respiration, feeding,
dreaming, and waking from sleep |
|
Prefrontal cortex: damage
[frontal lobe; cerebral cortex] |
pseudodepression
pseudopsychopathy probs w/ abstract thinking, planning, decision-making perseveration |
|
apraxia
|
inability to perform skilled motor movements in absence of impaired motor functioning
|
|
Anesthetics work by deactivating this area so a person is unaware of pain
|
Reticular Formation (reticular activating system)
|
|
Petit Mal seizure begins in the
|
thalamus
|
|
anosognosia
|
inability to recognize one's own neurological sx or other disorder
(front or parietal lobe) |
|
Wernicke's area: location & function
[temporal lobe; cerebral cortex] |
dominant (left) temporal lobe
comprehension of language |
|
Ventromedial hypothalamus
|
ventro: to belly or front (remember big belly, I'm full)
inhibits eating. Lesions in this area cause hyperphagia, where animals show gross overeating, unwillingness to work for food, and finickiness |
|
Lateral hypothalamic area
|
initiates eating. Lesions in this area cause aphagia, a cessation of eating that can lead to starvation and death
|
|
visual agnosia
|
inability to recognize familiar objects
|
|
In persons with ADHD, ______ and________
(in basal ganglia) are smaller. |
Caudate nucleus, globus pallidus
|
|
simultanagnosis
|
inability to see more than one thing or one aspect of an object at a time
|
|
Kluver-Bucy Syndrome
|
reduced fear and aggression, increased docility, compulsive oral behaviors, altered dietary habits, and hypersexuality when amydala
/ temporal lobe are lesioned. |
|
contralateral representation
|
L side of brain controls R side of body, and vice versa
|
|
Septum
|
Inhibitory effect on emotionality; so when damage, hyperemotional and viscious
|
|
Hemispheric specialization
|
LEFT (dominant)
written & spoken language logical & analytical thinking RIGHT spatial processing creativity facial recognition |
|
Cingulate Gyrus
|
-Coordinates Sensory Input With Emotions
-Emotional Responses to Pain -Regulates Aggressive Behavior -Learning, and memory -Executive function -Respiratory control |
|
Damage to Parietal Lobe
|
apraxia, tactile agnosia,
|
|
"split-brain" patients
|
sever corpus callosum to control severe epilepsy
deficits in ability to verbally identify info presented to RIGHT hemisphere only. |
|
types of colour blindness
|
Trichromats
normal colour vision Dichromats lack 1 of 3 pigments usually red-green blind Monochromats no colour vision |
|
Damage to Right Parietal Lobe
|
dressing apraxia and contralateral neglect (ignoring left side of body)
|
|
Damage to Left Parietal Lobe
|
apraxia (inability to carry out a sequence of movements), Gerstmann Syndrome
(finger agnosia, left-right confusion, agraphia, and acalculia) |
|
Tricyclics
(what kind of depression? name 6 other disorders used for? what NT? how long does it take to be therapeutic?) |
-Vegetative, somatic sxs of depression
-Takes 2-4 weeks to be therapeutic -Panic disorder, Agoraphobia, Bulimia, OCD (Clomimipramine), enuresis (imipramine), ADHD -Block reuptake of NE (catechoamine hypothesis), serotonin, dopamine |
|
James-Lange theory of emotion
|
emotions follow physiological arousal
e.g. you are afraid because your knees are shaking support from quadriplegics experiencing less intense emotions following injury |
|
SSRI Advantages over TCA
(4 of them) |
Less cardiotoxic, safer in overdose, less cognitive impairment, rapid onset
|
|
Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
|
emotional & bodily reactions to stimuli occur simultaneously
"I see a bear. I feel afraid and at the same time I'm tense in readiness to run away" |
|
Two-factor (cognitive) theory of emotion
|
emotion a consequence of:
1. physiological arousal 2. cognitive interpretation 3. enviornmental context support from Schachter & Singer's epinephrine study |
|
Tonic-Clonic (grand mal) seizures
|
-tonic stage whic hte muscles contract and the body stiffens
-clonic stage involves rhythmic shaking of the limbs -postseizure depression or confusion with amnesia for the seizure |
|
An advantage of respridone is that it:
a. is less likely to produce extrapyramidal side effects than traditional antipsychotics b. is not associated with weight gain and sexual dysfunction c.does not produce neuroleptic malignant syndrome d. has a rapid onset of beneficial effects |
a. extrapyramidal side effects are less common than with traditional antipsychotics
weight gain and sexual dysfunction does occur, it can cause NMS, and it has a delayed onset |
|
general adaptation syndrome (Selye)
|
human response to stress mediated by adrenal-pituitary secretions & involves 3 stages
alarm reaction resistance (ACTH/cortisol) exhaustion |
|
Absence (petit mal) seizures
|
-BRIEF attacks involving loss of consciousness without prominent motor symptoms
|
|
A common migraine
a. begins with an aura and is usually accompanied by nausea b. is constant and non-throbbing and may be exacerbated by bright lights c. does not begin with an aura and may be exacerbated by bending over or lifting d. is sharp and unilateral and is usually accompanied by autonomic sx's |
a. incorrect: classic migraines begin with an aura
b. incorrect: migraines involve throbbing pain c. correct: a number of things can exacerbate the pain of a migraine including lifting or bending over d. this sounds more like a cluster headache |
|
general adaptation syndrome (Selye)
|
human response to stress mediated by adrenal-pituitary secretions & involves 3 stages
alarm reaction resistance (ACTH/cortisol) exhaustion |
|
gonadotropic hormones
|
estrogen (ovaries)
progesterone (ovaries) testosterone (testes) androstenedion (testes) |
|
Partial seizures
|
begin in one side of the brain and at least initially affect one side of the body. simple partial seizures do not involve a loss of consciousness, while complex partial seizures do entail some alteration in consciosness
|
|
Brain Development
|
-brain is 25% of its adult weight at birth; by age 2 it's 80%; by age 16 it's full adult weight (neurons get bigger, dendritic branch, and myelinization)
-cerebral cortex (responsible for higher-level cognitive functions, language, spatial skills, and complex motor activity) is completely underdeveloped -frontal cortex matures through childhood and adolescense -growth is cephalacaudal (head to tail) and proximodistal (center to extremeties) |
|
The neuropsychological term and definition that is incorrectly matched is:
agnosia -- loss of ability to recognize various non-language types of stimulation. ataxia -- loss of muscular coordination. aphasia -- disturbance of language. apraxia -- disturbances in involuntary movement when the person is at rest. |
D. apraxia as the term that is incorrectly defined. Apraxia refers to problems in voluntary movement. Here the reason it is defined incorrectly is that the statement reads "disturbances of involuntary movement
|
|
androgens
|
testosterone
androstenedione |
|
Headaches
|
migraine-severe throbbing, pain on one side, nausea and sensitivity to light and odors
cluster-excruciating (nonthrobbing) pain behind one eye that occurs in clusters tension-nonthrobbing band of pressure or tension around the head sinus-fullness, tension, or throbbing ache over the eyes |
|
39. Failure to recognize one's functional deficits is referred to as:
agnosia anosognosia apraxia receptive aphasia |
B
Failure to recognize one's functional deficits is referred to as anosognosia. It usually results from damage to the right parietal lobe. Agnosia (A) is an inability to recognize objects. Apraxia (C) is a loss in ability to perform motor acts. And receptive aphasia (D), also known as Wernicke's aphasia, is the loss of the ability to comprehend language, which also results in the production of inappropriate language |
|
hyperthyroidism vs. hypothyroidism
|
HYPER (Grave's Disease)
fast metabolism high body temp inc appetite w/ weight loss nervousness HYPO slow metabolism dec appetite w/ weight gain lethargy depression apathy |
|
Head Injury
|
moderate to severe closed head injury can cause concussion and loss of consciousness...once consciousness is regained, anterograde and retrograde amnesia, other cognitive deficits, motor problems, and personality change
-anterograde amnesia also known as POST-TRAUMATIC AMNESIA...duration is considered a good indicator of recovery; the shorter the duration the greater the recovery -retrograde amnesia in this case is loss of most recent past memory...older memories return first |
|
Korsakoff's Syndrome is characterized by
|
anterograde amnesia and retrograde amnesia that involves a temporal gradient in which remote events are recalled better than recent events.
|
|
Broca's Aphasia
|
"expressive, motor, and nonfluent aphasia"
slow speech w/ difficulty poor articulation omissions anomia probs repeating phrases comprehension of language OK aware of deficits frustration & depression |
|
Postconcussional Disorder
|
1) loss of consciousness, amnesia, or seizures following a head trauma
2) persisting deficits in attention or memory 3) three or more symptoms for AT LEAST 3 MONTHS (e.g. irritability, fatigues, depression) **the greatest amount of recovery occurs the first year |
|
96. A person with agnosia is unable to identify a familiar object by sight but does identify it when it is placed in her hand. This is most likely due to
a visual impairment. visual inattention. a deficit in iconic memory. visual "not knowing." |
The Correct Answer is "D"
The type of visual agnosia described in this question is referred to as apperceptive agnosia and involves an inability to recognize familiar objects, especially in low-light conditions, when there are many shadows, when objects overlap, etc. |
|
Cerebral Stroke
|
-brain damage resulting from an interruption of blood flow
-risk factors include arteriosclerosis and hypertension -sx's include hemiplagia (paralysis on one side of the body), contralateral sensory loss, slurred speech, dizziness, and confusion, anosognosia |
|
115. A person who has difficulty repeating words just spoken by another person and recalling the name of a familiar object has symptoms of:
Wernicke's aphasia Wernicke's and Broca's aphasia Wernicke's and conduction aphasia Wernicke's, Broca's, and conduction aphasia |
The Correct Answer is "D"
Wernicke's or receptive aphasia primarily affects comprehension, however, as a result of impaired comprehension there is also impairment in spoken and written language, and problems in recalling words (anomia). People with Broca's aphasia have difficulty expressing language and would, therefore, also have difficulty repeating what another has said. Conduction aphasia is due to damage to the nerve fibers (arcuate fasciculus) which connect Broca's area to Wernicke's area. The most typical result of conduction aphasia is difficulty repeating what one has heard. Thus, the symptoms listed are characteristic of all three disorders. |
|
Wernicke's Aphasia
|
"receptive, sensory, and fluent aphasia"
probs understanding speech devoid of content anomia paraphasia unaware that speech is meaningless |
|
Conduction (Associative) Aphasia
|
damage to structure that connects Wernicke's & Broca's areas
anomia inability to repeat words know what they want to say, but have difficulty |
|
169. In females, the gonadotrophic hormones are released by the ________ on a regular cycle.
hypothalamus pituitary gland gonads adrenal glands |
The Correct Answer is "B"
The gonadotropic hormones are the same in males and females but they stimulate the gonads to release their own hormones (estrogen in females, androgens in males). The gonadotropic hormones are released by the pituitary gland. |
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Global Aphasia
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total or near-total loss of language
some automatic speech |
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172. The medication considered most effective for the treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder is:
Lithium Clomipramine Disulfiram Diazepam |
The Correct Answer is "B"
Most of the antidepressant drugs such as clomipramine, imipramine, as well as the SSRIs are believed to increase serotonin activity which seems to lessen the effects of OCD. Lithium is often used in treating mood disorders, (C) disulfiram is the generic name for Antabuse and (D) diazepam as well as the other "pams" are benzodiazephines– sometimes used in the treatment of anxiety. |
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Transcortical Aphasia
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lesion that isolates Broca's leads to:
transcortical MOTOR aphasia lesion that isolates Wernicke's leads to: transcortical SENSORY aphasia |
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The cingulate cortex is most associated with
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The cingulate cortex is part of the limbic system and is believed to play an excitatory role in emotions and in motivating behaviors. It's also known as the satisfaction center – mediating feelings of satisfaction following eating and sex.
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Transcortical Aphasia
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lesion that isolates Broca's leads to:
transcortical MOTOR aphasia lesion that isolates Wernicke's leads to: transcortical SENSORY aphasia |
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2 types of antipsychotic drugs
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1. Traditional (conventional)
2. Atypical (novel) |
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Impressive aphasia is to Wernicke's area as what type of aphasia is to Broca's area
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expressive
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16. For patients who develop a disturbing degree of hand tremor as the result of taking lithium carbonate, which of the following would be useful?
increasing the dosage of lithium administering propranolol (Inderal) administering an SSRI administering L-tryptophan |
Lowering the dose of lithium ordinarily eliminates tremors, but you're not given that option. Propranolol is a beta-blocker, which reduces the physiological aspects of anxiety, and, so it makes sense, that it would be useful for reducing tremors
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Ex: traditional antipsychotics
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phenothiazine
thioxanthene butyrophenone |
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Medications used to treat symptoms of Parkinson's Disease block the effects of
dopamine serotonin acetylcholine GABA |
C
If you incorrectly chose "A," remember that Parkinson's is characterized by insufficient amounts of dopamine; thus, medical treatment seeks to increase dopamine, not block it. Another treatment strategy is to block acetylcholine receptors to help restore the normal balance between dopamine and acetylcholine. In Parkinson's, the loss of dopamine results in a relative excess of acetylcholine. Medications aim to restore the balance by increasing dopamine and/or blocking acetylcholine receptors |
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Use: traditional antipsychotics
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+ve sx of schizophrenia
acute mania NOT -ve sx of schizophrenia |
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Action: traditional antipsychotics
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blocks dopamine (D2) receptors, therefore dec dopamine
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Side effects: traditional antipsychotics
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1. tardive dyskinesia (esp w/ Haloperidol)
- can add benzo or other GABA agonist to treat 2. neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) rapid autonomic sx potentially fatal stop meds immediately |
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Ex: Atypical antipsychotics
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clozapine
resperidone olanzapine quetiapine |
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Use: Atypical antipsychotics
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schizophrenia
bipolar alc & drugs huntington's parkinson's note: helpful for +ve & -ve sx of schizophrenia, but SLOWER ONSET |
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Mode: Atypical antipsychotics
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block D2, serotonin & glutamate
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side effects: Atypical antipsychotics
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1. NMS
2. agranulocytosis (blood disorder) NOT tardive dyskinesia |
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advantage of atypical vs traditional neuroleptics?
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no tartive dyskinesia
helps +ve & -ve sx schiz |
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advantage of traditional vs atypical neuroleptics?
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faster acting
no close blood monitoring |
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Ex: anticholinergic side effects
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dry mouth
blurred vision tachycardia constipation urinary retention sedation |
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Ex: anticholinergic side effects
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dry mouth
blurred vision tachycardia constipation urinary retention sedation |
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Ex: extrapyramidal side effects
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tardive dyskinesia
akathisia muscle spasms parkinsonsim |
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Ex: extrapyramidal side effects
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tardive dyskinesia
akathisia muscle spasms parkinsonsim |
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Types of antidepressants
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TCSs
SSRIs MAOIs Newer antidepressants |
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Ex: TCAs
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amitriptyline
doxepin imipramine clomipramine |
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Mode: TCAs
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block reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin and/or dopamine, therfore increasing these
supporting catecholomine hypothesis |
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Side effects: TCAs
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cardiovascular sx
anticholinergic effects |
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when not to prescribe a TCA
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high risk for suicide
heart disease |
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Ex: SSRIs
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fluoxetine (prozac)
fluvoxamine (luvox) paroxetine (paxil) sertraline (zoloft) citalpram (celexa) |
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Mode: SSRIs
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blocks reuptake of serotonin, therefore increases it
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Use: SSRIs
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melancholic depression
etc. |
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Use: TCAs
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vegetative & somatic depression
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advantages of SSRIs over TCAs
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less cardiotoxic
safer in overdose less cognitive impairment more rapid onset |
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Ex: MAOIs
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isocarboxazid
phenelzine tranylcypromine |
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Use: MAOIs
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atypical depression
- anxiety, hypersomnia |
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Mode: MAOIs
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inhibits enzyme monoamine oxidase, therefore deactivates dopamine, norepinephrine & serotonin
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Side effects: MAOIs
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hypertensive crisis - when taken w/ barbiturates, amphetamines, antihistamines or food w/ TYRAMINE
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Ex: newer antidepressants
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bupropion (wellbutrin)
venlafaxine (effexor) nefazodone (serxone) trazodone (desyrel) |
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Types of mood stabilizing drugs
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Lithium
Carbamazepine |
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Side effects: Lithium
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toxicity
- serum levels monitored Must avoid fluctuations in salt intake, caffeine, alcohol |
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when would you use Carbamazepine instead of Lithium in tx of bipolar disorder
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rapid cyclers
dysphoric mood kidney, liver, thyroid or gastrointestinal probs |
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Types of sedative-hypnotics
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barbiturates
benzodiazepines Azapirone |
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Types of sedative-hypnotics
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barbiturates
benzodiazepines Azapirone |
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Ex: barbiturates
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... barbital !!
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Ex: barbiturates
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... barbital !!
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Mode: barbiturates
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interrupt impulses to RAS
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Mode: barbiturates
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interrupt impulses to RAS
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Ex: benzos
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... lam
... pam |
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Ex: benzos
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... lam
... pam |
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Mode: benzos
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inhibits GABA
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Mode: benzos
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inhibits GABA
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advantages & disadvantages of Azapirone
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non-addictive
no sedation take for several weeks |
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advantages & disadvantages of Azapirone
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non-addictive
no sedation take for several weeks |
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Use: Beta blockers
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high BP
angine migraines glaucoma |
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Types: psychostimulants
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amphetamines
methylphenidate (ritalin) |
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Use: psychostimulants
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narcolepsy
ADHD |
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Mode: psychostimulants
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inc norepinephrine & serotonin
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Side effects: amphetamines
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tolerance
dependence sensitization |
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side effects: Methylphenidate
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dysphoria
growth suppression (therefore need drug holidays) contraindicated for family hx tourette's |
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Ex: narcotic-analygesics (opioids)
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NATURAL OPIODS
opium morphine codeine SEMI-SYNTHETIC DERIVATIVES OF MORPHINE heroin percodan dilaudid PURE SYNTHETICS demerol darvon methadone |
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Your friend Bill has been involved in a motorcycle accident that resulted in a head injury. His neurologist has indicated that Bill is experiencing aphasia. As a knowlegeable psychologist, you would give Bill all the following news about his injury except
because his language loss is not severe, he has a better chance of recovery. the greatest amount of recovery will occur in the next 3 months. since he is right-handed he will probably exhibit milder aphasia. he is lucky to be sixteen instead of sixty-six. |
C
This is an extremely difficult question. That's why you will review these tests several times. In regard to answer C, the opposite is true; Subirana (1969) found that left-handers generally exhibit milder aphasia, and recover more thoroughly and more quickly than right-handers. The course of recovery from aphasia due to head injury is related to several factors including age at time of injury–especially during the first three months (Kertesz, 1979) |
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The Sickness Impact Profile is used to
assess the impact of disease on physical and emotional functioning assess emotional reactions to chronic illness diagnose physical illnesses diagnose personality disorders |
A
The Sickness Impact Profile (SIP) is one of the most comprehensive quality of life measures available. It is used to assess the impact of disease on both physical and emotional functioning. Its focus is on behavioral measures of daily living such as sleep, eating, social interactions, and emotional behaviors. Contrary to "B," however, it is not used to assess emotional or other subjective reactions to illness |
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Head trauma causing damage to the temporal lobes is most likely to produce deficits
procedural memory. episodic memory. semantic memory. implicit memory. |
B
Damage to the temporal lobe produces deficits in declarative memory with episodic memory being affected more than semantic memory. Procedural memory is left relatively undisturbed as is implicit memory |
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Schachter
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EVENT-->AROUSAL-->REASONING--> EMOTION
ou are walking down a dark alley late at night. You hear footsteps behind you and you begin to tremble, your heart beats faster, and your breathing deepens. Upon noticing this arousal you realize that is comes from the fact that you are walking down a dark alley by yourself. This behavior is dangerous and therefore you feel the emotion of fear |
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Lazarus
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Lazarus Theory states that a thought must come before any emotion or physiological arousal. In other words, you must first think about your situation before you can experience an emotion.
EXAMPLE: You are walking down a dark alley late at night. You hear footsteps behind you and you think it may be a mugger so you begin to tremble, your heart beats faster, and your breathing deepens and at the same time experience fear. |
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A patient with right hemisphere damage is most likely to respond to jokes with which of the following reactions?
indifference indifference or exaggerated jocularity frustration and irritation rage |
B
The two hemispheres appear to have different functions in terms of emotions – the left hemisphere governs positive emotions, while the right hemisphere governs negative ones. Consequently, damage to the right hemisphere can produce apathy or undue cheerfulness, which may be reflected in the individual's response to humor |
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Left Dominant Hemisphere
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-Language
-Verbal Memory -Logic -Rational Thought -Positive Emotions (any lesions in this hemisphere, the opposite will occur) |
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Right Hemi
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-Visual-spatial
-Creativity -Intuitive Thought -Nonverbal Memory -Negative Emotions (opposite: apathy, joking) (any lesions in this hemisphere, the opposite will occur) |
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True or False
Ppl typically recall more digits heard by the ear that is contralateral to their dominant hemisphere (so their right ear) |
TRUE
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Sx's of Cerebral Stroke
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DEPEND ON LOCATION BUT IN GENERAL
-hemiplegia (paralysis on one side of body) -contralateral sensory loss -slurred speech -dizziness -confusion |
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Of the following, which would be the most important factor to keep in mind when deciding whether to prescribe tricyclic anti-depressants to a patient?
the patient's suicide risk the patient's history of treatment success or failure with tricyclics. Whether or not the patient's symptoms are atypical. whether or not the patient's symptoms are primarily vegetative. |
All of these factors would be important to consider in deciding whether to prescribe tricyclics to a patient. However, safety considerations generally supercede all others; thus, choice "A" is the best answer. The risk of suicide in depressed patients must always be considered by physicians when writing prescriptions -- particularly for potentially dangerous drugs such as tricyclics
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Anosognosia is most often due to damage to the
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RIGHT PARIETAL LOBE
Anosognosia is an inability, or unwillingness, to recognize one's own functional impairment. It most often occurs in people who have left-sided hemiplegia due to damage to the right parietal lobe. Many of these patients maintain normal intellectual functioning, despite the serious lack of self-awareness of their physical disability. The parietal lobe contains the somatosensory cortex which is normally responsible for integrating somatosensory information with visual and other sensory information |
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Symptoms characteristic of benzodiazepine withdrawal include
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anxiety, insomnia, nausea, transient hallucinations, sweating, tremors
|
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Mental imaging or visualization, in the absence of external visual stimulation, is believed to be most associated with the
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The medial temporal lobe (limbic system) contains the hippocampus, amygdala, and other structures which have recently been associated with the ability to generate mental images (G. Kreiman, C. Koch, & I. Fried, Category-specific visual responses of single neurons in the human medial temporal lobe. Nature Neuroscience, 2000, 3, 946-953).
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