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241 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Types of neurotransmitters
ACh
Catecholamines
Serotonin
GABA
Glutamate
Endorphins
excessive levels or oversensitivity to_____
linked to schizophrenia and mania
dopamine
ACh: function
voluntary motor movements
memory

* LOW levels ACh in Alzheimer's
Agonists
mimics the action of a neurotransmitter
Catecholamines: function
personality
mood
drive

* catecholamine hypot
* dopamine hypot
Antagonists
a compound that blocks or inhibits the action of a neurotransmitter
Examples of catecholamines
norepinephrine
epinephrine
dopamine
1. Glutamate is involved with...

2. In terms of alcohol and glutamate...
1.involved with learning and memory

2.alcohol acts to inhibit a subset of glutamate receptors (thus impairing learning and memory)
Catecholamine hypothesis
Depression due to:

LOW levels norepinephrine
Severing the corpus callosum has the greatest impact on
on sensory systems
Dopamine hypothesis
Schizophrenia due to:

HIGH levels dopamine
ADHD most commonly linked to reduced blood flow
to
Frontal Lobes
Serotonin: function
hunger
temperature regulation
sexual activity
aggression
onset of sleep
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Region plays a role in
attention, working memory (recall), and other EF; damage to
this area does not have much impact on intelligence
Serotonin hypothesis
Schizophrenia & Autism associated with:

HIGH levels serotonin


Depression, PTSD, OCD associated with:

LOW levels serotonin
Frontal lobe damage (or immaturity) connected to
false recollections and conflabulation
GABA: function
INHIBITORY FUNCTION
sleep
eating
seizure
anxiety disorder

* LOW levels GABA in Huntington's Disease
temporal lobe epilepsy has been linked with changes in sexuality
changes in sexuality
Glutamate: function
EXCITATORY
learning
long-term memory

HIGH glutamate in Huntington's & Alzheimer's
what forms of memory (name 3) are affected in the medial temporal lobe
this area affects semantic memory, spatial memory, episodic memory; contains part of the temporal lobe and hippocampus
Medulla: function

[brainstem; hindbrain]
vital ANS functions:

circulation
respiration
Medulla: damage

[brainstem; hindbrain]
fatal
lessions on the right parietal lobe
can cause contralateral neglect on left
Pons: function

[brainstem; hindbrain]
transmits motor info from higher brain & spinal cord to cerebellum

integrates movements in R & L sides of body

respiration
feeding
sleep
BASAL GANGLIA (includes caudate nucleus)
--voluntary motor control, central to implicit memory
Cerebellum: function

[brainstem; hindbrain]
balance
posture
coordinated & refined motor movements
achromatopsia
partial or complete colorblindness due to little or no function of the cone cells or to damage to the occipitotemporal area
Caudate Nucleus
(function? if damaged?)
-highly involved in learning and memory (implicit)
-implicated in responses to visual beauty
-regulatory role, decreased inhibition of movements
-if damage, unable to properly regulate the transmission of information regarding worrying events or ideas
agnosia
inability to recognize familiar objects or sounds
Cerebellum: damage
[brainstem; hindbrain]
"ataxia"

lack of balance
severe tremors
drunken-like movements
Hypothalamus
located (in/close to) temporal lobe, involved in survival behaviors (sex, hunger, sleep), influences the pituitary gland
Reticular Activating System (RAS): function

[midbrain]
screens incoming info & relays to higher centers of brain

arousal
akathisia
inability to sit or stand still; uncomfortable sense of restlessness
ANTERIOR CINGULATE CORTEX
-Upper part-helps you make social
decisions

-Lower part-plays a role in
regulating emotional conflict

-IS OFTEN ASSOCIATED WITH PROBLEMS SHIFTING ATTENTION which may be clinically manifested by
cognitive inflexibility, obsessive thoughts, compulsive behaviors, excessive worrying, argumentativeness, oppositional behavior or "getting stuck"
on certain thoughts or actions
akinesia
complete or almost complete loss of movement
Reticular Activating System (RAS): damage

[midbrain]
disrupts normal sleep-wakefulness cyle

possible permanent coma-like sleep
Sleep Waves (from alert to deep sleep)
beta (alert), alpha (awake relaxation), theta (first stages of sleep), delta (deep sleep)
anomia
type of aphasia involving an inability to recall the names of objects
Thalamus: function

[diencephalon; forebrain]
"relay station" for all sensory input (EXCEPT olfaction)
Following sleep deprivation, there is
a rebound effect; on subsequent nights the person will have an increase in time spent dreaming
Thalamus: damage

[diencephalon; forebrain]
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
- caused by thiamine deficiney as a result of alcoholism
Traditional Antipsychotics (haloperidol, flupentixol, perphenzine)
(what improves first? what NT do they affect? what are the side effects)
-first improve
hallucinations
-blocks dopamine receptors

-side effects…parkinsonism, tardive dyskinesia, related to actions on dopamine receptors, tardive dyskinesia
responds well to benzo’s
aphasia
(remember "phrase") distrubance in previously acquired language skills
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
(cause? sx's?)
caused by thiamine deficiney as a result of alcoholism

severe anterograde amnesia
retrograde amnesia (more for recent memories than remote)
confabulation
Atypical Antipsychotics
(onset, side effects, NT, used for what disorders as well)
-slower onset than traditional, works on + and - sx's
-less likely to cause tardive dyskinesia
-less likely to produce extrapyramidal side effects (muscle spasms, restlessness, pseudoparkonsonism
-blood problems (agranulocytosis—not enough white blood cells, fever, sore throat, lethargy)
-blocks dopamine receptors as well as receptors for serotonin and glutamate
-can also be used for bipolar d/o, addictions, motor sx's from parkinson's and huntington's
apraxia
inability to carry out purposeful movements despite normal muscle power and control
Hypothalamus: function

[diencephalon; forebrain]
maintains body's internal HOMEOSTASIS

controls ANS & endocrine glands
mediates basic drives
regulates emotional expression
Gradual withdrawal of antipsychotic may ______ Tardive Dyskinesia but in many patients, eventually results in
decrease in sx’s
exacerbate
asomatognosia
inability to recognize parts of one's own body
Amygdala: function

[limbic sys; telencephalon; forebrain]
controls emotional activities

mediates defensive-aggressive bheaviours

attaches emotions to memories
mixed serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors are (MORE or LESS) effective than selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
more
ataxia
incoordination, clumsiness, lack of balance
Amygdala: damage
[limbic sys; telencephalon; forebrain]
reduced aggressiveness

Kluver-Bucy Syndrome
- compulsive oral behaviours
- hypersexuality
- visual agnosia
SSRI
(name five disorders? do any sx's initially worsen? how does it affect cognitive processes?)
--Effective for melancholic depression, OCD, Bulimia, Panic DO, PTSD

--may initially worsen sleep and anxiety

--SSRI’s (of all psych meds) least likely to affect concentration, attention, and memory
athetosis
slow writhing involuntary movements
Kluver-Bucy Syndrome
damage to amygdala

compulsive oral behaviours
hypersexuality
visual agnosia
MAOI
(what is it effective for? what are the foods you need to watch out for?)
--Effective for
atypical depression

--need to watch out
for foods containing amino acid tyramine (Aged Cheese and meat, avocados,
yogurt, soy)—cream and cottage cheese is ok
Hippocampus: function

[limbic sys; telencephalon; forebrain]
consolidation of memory
bradykinesia
slowness of movement
To reduce hand tremors for those on Lithium
use beta-blocker
Hippocampus: damage

[limbic sys; telencephalon; forebrain]
inability to form new memories
Beta-Blocker (Propranolol)
(what is it used to treat, 5 all together? side effects?)
-Treat high blood pressure, cardiovascular disorders, migraine headaches, glaucoma, and physical sx’s of anxiety

-side effects: bradycardia (10%), depression (fatigue & malaise, 10%);decreased sexual ability (10%); coldness in extremities (1%); should not be discontinued suddenly
chorea
irregular, involuntary, rapid jerky movements, usually in the face, limbs, and trunk
Frontal lobe: function

[cerebral cortex]
emotion & personality
planning
decision making
Benzos
(what happens when there is abrupt cessation?)
--abrupt cessation can lead to rebound anxiety more commonly; in extreme cases, can be life threatening
dyskinesia
abnormal muscle movement including twitchy, jerky, and writhing movements
Cerebral cortex makes _____ % of the brain's total weight
80%
Closed head injuries/Cerebral Trauma
(what happens upon recovery? What about amnesia? when a person "comes to" what does he orient to?)
-Loss of consciousness
-Upon recovery of consciousness, there is a period of post-traumatic anterograde amnesia
-longer the coma or duration of PTA (>24 hours), more severe the cognitive injuries
-retrograde amnesia, with recent memories affected more than remote
-orientation to personal info, then to place, then to time
("I'm Bill, I'm in the hospital, and it's Monday")
dysprosody
disturbance in the stress, pitch, and rhythm of speech (think "rhapsody")
Parkinsonism
masklike face, hand tremor, increasing rigidity, slowed voluntary movement
Frontal lobe: damage

[cerbral cortex]
changes in personality
loss of a sense of "self"
inability to carry out plans
Cerebral Stroke
(sx's, left vs. right hemi, time for improvement)
--sx’s: paralysis of
opposite side body, sensory loss, visual disturbances, aphasia;

-if it affects the dominant left hemisphere, aphasia likely, slow, cautious behavior

-if stroke right hemisphere, unilateral neglect

--most improvement occurs within the first six months with physical disabilities resolving faster than cognitive
Middle Artery
One of the three major arteries that supply blood to the cerebral cortex. It supplies portions of the
frontal, parietal and temporal lobes, as well as some deeper structures beneath the cortex
Paresthesia
altered sensation in the skin that causes numbness or tingling
(Greek para ("beside", i.e., abnormal) and aisthesia ("sensation")
Parietal lobe: function

[cerbral cortex]
somatosensory cortex

pain
pressure
heat
cold
Huntington's Disease
(sx's? MRI?)
-Hereditary
-Involuntary jerky movements
-Impaired memory or judgment & Depression (often precede motor sx's)
-MRI would show atrophy in the caudate nucleus (basal ganglia)
-Decreased amounts of GABA leads to an overproduction of dopamine and results in chorea (uncontrollable and irregular muscle movements, especially of the arms, legs, and face).
tardive dyskinesia
repetitive oral and facial grimaces, tongue movements, spasms of the neck and head, jerky movements of the limbs and trunk
Parietal lobe: damage

[cerbral cortex]
impairments in:

spatial orientation
touch
facial recognition

* can cause Gerstmann syndrome
Myasthenia gravis
-autoimmune response

- the body produces antibodies
that block the muscle cells from receiving messages (neurotransmitters) from
the nerve cell

-weakness in eye and
facial muscles, difficulty swallowing, slurred speech
-reduction of ACh receptors
prosopagnosia
inability to recognize familiar faces
Temporal: function

[cerbral cortex]
auditory perception
Alzheimer's: Neurotransmitter
reduced synthesis of acetycholine, so meds that slow acetycholine depletion are often
administered
synesthesia
a rare condition in which the stimulation of one sensory modality triggers a sensation in another sensory modality
Occipital: function

[cerbral cortex]
visual perception
Complex Partial Seizures
focal onset in both hemi (any lobe but usually temporal, including parts of the limbic structures) of the brain and causes impairment in consciousness
limbic system is primary associated with ___________
emotion
Simple Partial Seizures
focal onset in one hemisphere of the brain (temporal and/or hippocampi) with or without loss of consciousness
4 lobes of cerebral cortex
frontal
parietal
temporal
occipital
Tonic-Clonic Seizures
(what part of the brain does it affect? what does it look like?)
affects the entire brain, tonic: tension, clonic: convulsion
Basal Ganglia: function

[telencephalon; forebrain]
planning
organizing
voluntary movement
regulating motor actions
Korsakoff’s syndrome
-form of dementia
-Deficiency in thiamine (B1) due to poor diet and alcohol preventing thiamine absorption in the stomach.
Symptoms usually include ANTEROGRADE and retrograde amnesia and confabulation
-involves damage to mamillary bodies (INVOLVED
IN EXPLICIT MEMORY) and the medial thalamus; confabulation is due to frontal lobe damage.
-Thiamine therapy can stop the damage if administered early in the course of the disease
-Frontal/Temporal (thalamus,hypothalamus, mamillary bodies)
Basal Ganglia: associated disorders

[telencephalon; forebrain]
Parkinson's
Tourette's
Huntington's
Mania
Depression
OCD
Psychosis
True or False: biofeedback is more effective in treating
tension headaches than migraines
TRUE
hemispheric specialization
LEFT (dominant)
verbal activities
analytical, logical thought
positive emotional states

RIGHT
visual-spatial activities
e.g. facial recognition
spatial interpretation
memory for shapes
negative emotions
corpus callosum
major pathway for info travelling between hemispheres
True or False: biofeedback alone and relaxation training alone
to be equally effective
TRUE
2 branches of nervous system
central nervous system

peripheral nervous system
Asia and African-American patients: (in terms of dosages)
require lower doses to obtain the same therapeutic effects and experience more severe
side effects from the same dose
structures of CNS
brain
spinal cord
Apraxia
a person is unable to perform tasks or movements
when asked even though the request
or command is understood (usually a result of parietal lobe damage)

·      
They are
willing to perform the task

·      
The muscles
needed to perform the task work properly

·      
The task may
have already been learned
Autonomic Nervous System: function
controls internal glands/organs, including:

heart
bladder
stomach
endocrine glands
Apraxia and the Brain
frontal and/or parietal areas damaged; also implicated are motor cortex and corpus callosum
sympathetic nervous system: function

[autonomic nervous sys; peripheral nervous sys]
active during stress & excitement

promotes energy expenditure by:

inc blood sugar
accelerating breathing
raising blood pressure & heart rate
Childhood memories are
more enduring,
children under age 2 can recall some past events
Ataxia
lack of muscle coordination during voluntary movements
parasympathetic nervouse system: function

[autonomic nervous sys; peripheral nervous sys]
operates during states of relaxation

helps body conserve energy by:

slowing heart rate & blood flow
inhibiting glucose release
constricting blood vessels
suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN): location & function
hypothalamus

mediates sleep-wake cycle
mediates circadian rhythms

*involved in Seasonal Affective Disorder
Dysarthria
a motor speech disorder
Broca's area: location & function

[premotor cortex; frontal lobe; cerebral cortex]
premotor cortex

speech production
Nystagmus
involuntary eye movement
Broca's area: location & function

[premotor cortex; frontal lobe; cerebral cortex]
premotor cortex

speech production
Broca's area: damage

[premotor cortex; frontal lobe; cerebral cortex]
Broca's (expressive) aphasia

- difficulties in producing spoken & written language
Hyperthyroidism
(Grave’s Disease)
sped up metabolism, increased body temperature, weight loss, increased appetite,
emotional lability, insomnia

MAI WET
Broca's area: damage

[premotor cortex; frontal lobe; cerebral cortex]
Broca's (expressive) aphasia

- difficulties in producing spoken & written language
Prefrontal cortex: function

[frontal lobe; cerebral cortex]
complex behaviours

emotion
semory
self-awareness
executive functions
Hypothyroidism
depression,
weight gain, lowered body temperature, deficits in concentration and thinking
PONS
Connects 2 halves of cerebellum. Integrates movements between right and left sides of the body. Respiration, feeding,
dreaming, and waking from sleep
Prefrontal cortex: damage

[frontal lobe; cerebral cortex]
pseudodepression

pseudopsychopathy

probs w/ abstract thinking, planning, decision-making
perseveration
apraxia
inability to perform skilled motor movements in absence of impaired motor functioning
Anesthetics work by deactivating this area so a person is unaware of pain
Reticular Formation (reticular activating system)
Petit Mal seizure begins in the
thalamus
anosognosia
inability to recognize one's own neurological sx or other disorder
(front or parietal lobe)
Wernicke's area: location & function

[temporal lobe; cerebral cortex]
dominant (left) temporal lobe

comprehension of language
Ventromedial hypothalamus
ventro: to belly or front (remember big belly, I'm full)

inhibits eating.  Lesions in this area cause hyperphagia, where animals show gross overeating, unwillingness to work for food, and finickiness
Lateral hypothalamic area
initiates eating.  Lesions in this area cause aphagia, a cessation of eating that can lead to starvation and death
visual agnosia
inability to recognize familiar objects
In persons with ADHD, ______ and________
(in basal ganglia) are smaller.
Caudate nucleus, globus pallidus
simultanagnosis
inability to see more than one thing or one aspect of an object at a time
Kluver-Bucy Syndrome
reduced fear and aggression, increased docility, compulsive oral behaviors, altered dietary habits, and hypersexuality when amydala
/ temporal lobe are lesioned.
contralateral representation
L side of brain controls R side of body, and vice versa
Septum
Inhibitory effect on emotionality; so when damage, hyperemotional and viscious
Hemispheric specialization
LEFT (dominant)
written & spoken language
logical & analytical thinking

RIGHT
spatial processing
creativity
facial recognition
Cingulate Gyrus
-Coordinates Sensory Input With Emotions
-Emotional Responses to Pain
-Regulates Aggressive Behavior
-Learning, and memory
-Executive function
-Respiratory control
Damage to Parietal Lobe
apraxia, tactile agnosia,
"split-brain" patients
sever corpus callosum to control severe epilepsy

deficits in ability to verbally identify info presented to RIGHT hemisphere only.
types of colour blindness
Trichromats
normal colour vision

Dichromats
lack 1 of 3 pigments
usually red-green blind

Monochromats
no colour vision
Damage to Right Parietal Lobe
dressing apraxia and contralateral neglect (ignoring left side of body)
Damage to Left Parietal Lobe
apraxia (inability to carry out a sequence of movements), Gerstmann Syndrome
(finger agnosia, left-right confusion, agraphia, and acalculia)
Tricyclics
(what kind of depression? name 6 other disorders used for? what NT? how long does it take to be therapeutic?)
-Vegetative, somatic sxs of depression
-Takes 2-4 weeks to be therapeutic
-Panic disorder, Agoraphobia, Bulimia, OCD (Clomimipramine), enuresis (imipramine), ADHD
-Block reuptake of NE (catechoamine hypothesis), serotonin, dopamine
James-Lange theory of emotion
emotions follow physiological arousal

e.g. you are afraid because your knees are shaking

support from quadriplegics experiencing less intense emotions following injury
SSRI Advantages over TCA
(4 of them)
Less cardiotoxic, safer in overdose, less cognitive impairment, rapid onset
Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
emotional & bodily reactions to stimuli occur simultaneously

"I see a bear. I feel afraid and at the same time I'm tense in readiness to run away"
Two-factor (cognitive) theory of emotion
emotion a consequence of:
1. physiological arousal
2. cognitive interpretation
3. enviornmental context

support from Schachter & Singer's epinephrine study
Tonic-Clonic (grand mal) seizures
-tonic stage whic hte muscles contract and the body stiffens

-clonic stage involves rhythmic shaking of the limbs

-postseizure depression or confusion with amnesia for the seizure
An advantage of respridone is that it:
a. is less likely to produce extrapyramidal side effects than traditional antipsychotics
b. is not associated with weight gain and sexual dysfunction
c.does not produce neuroleptic malignant syndrome
d. has a rapid onset of beneficial effects
a. extrapyramidal side effects are less common than with traditional antipsychotics

weight gain and sexual dysfunction does occur, it can cause NMS, and it has a delayed onset
general adaptation syndrome (Selye)
human response to stress mediated by adrenal-pituitary secretions & involves 3 stages

alarm reaction
resistance (ACTH/cortisol)
exhaustion
Absence (petit mal) seizures
-BRIEF attacks involving loss of consciousness without prominent motor symptoms
A common migraine
a. begins with an aura and is usually accompanied by nausea
b. is constant and non-throbbing and may be exacerbated by bright lights
c. does not begin with an aura and may be exacerbated by bending over or lifting
d. is sharp and unilateral and is usually accompanied by autonomic sx's
a. incorrect: classic migraines begin with an aura
b. incorrect: migraines involve throbbing pain
c. correct: a number of things can exacerbate the pain of a migraine including lifting or bending over
d. this sounds more like a cluster headache
general adaptation syndrome (Selye)
human response to stress mediated by adrenal-pituitary secretions & involves 3 stages

alarm reaction
resistance (ACTH/cortisol)
exhaustion
gonadotropic hormones
estrogen (ovaries)
progesterone (ovaries)
testosterone (testes)
androstenedion (testes)
Partial seizures
begin in one side of the brain and at least initially affect one side of the body. simple partial seizures do not involve a loss of consciousness, while complex partial seizures do entail some alteration in consciosness
Brain Development
-brain is 25% of its adult weight at birth; by age 2 it's 80%; by age 16 it's full adult weight (neurons get bigger, dendritic branch, and myelinization)
-cerebral cortex (responsible for higher-level cognitive functions, language, spatial skills, and complex motor activity) is completely underdeveloped
-frontal cortex matures through childhood and adolescense
-growth is cephalacaudal (head to tail) and proximodistal (center to extremeties)
The neuropsychological term and definition that is incorrectly matched is:
agnosia -- loss of ability to recognize various non-language types of stimulation.
ataxia -- loss of muscular coordination.
aphasia -- disturbance of language.
apraxia -- disturbances in involuntary movement when the person is at rest.
D. apraxia as the term that is incorrectly defined. Apraxia refers to problems in voluntary movement. Here the reason it is defined incorrectly is that the statement reads "disturbances of involuntary movement
androgens
testosterone
androstenedione
Headaches
migraine-severe throbbing, pain on one side, nausea and sensitivity to light and odors

cluster-excruciating (nonthrobbing) pain behind one eye that occurs in clusters

tension-nonthrobbing band of pressure or tension around the head

sinus-fullness, tension, or throbbing ache over the eyes
39. Failure to recognize one's functional deficits is referred to as:
agnosia
anosognosia
apraxia
receptive aphasia
B
Failure to recognize one's functional deficits is referred to as anosognosia. It usually results from damage to the right parietal lobe. Agnosia (A) is an inability to recognize objects. Apraxia (C) is a loss in ability to perform motor acts. And receptive aphasia (D), also known as Wernicke's aphasia, is the loss of the ability to comprehend language, which also results in the production of inappropriate language
hyperthyroidism vs. hypothyroidism
HYPER (Grave's Disease)
fast metabolism
high body temp
inc appetite w/ weight loss
nervousness

HYPO
slow metabolism
dec appetite w/ weight gain
lethargy
depression
apathy
Head Injury
moderate to severe closed head injury can cause concussion and loss of consciousness...once consciousness is regained, anterograde and retrograde amnesia, other cognitive deficits, motor problems, and personality change

-anterograde amnesia also known as POST-TRAUMATIC AMNESIA...duration is considered a good indicator of recovery; the shorter the duration the greater the recovery

-retrograde amnesia in this case is loss of most recent past memory...older memories return first
Korsakoff's Syndrome is characterized by
anterograde amnesia and retrograde amnesia that involves a temporal gradient in which remote events are recalled better than recent events.
Broca's Aphasia
"expressive, motor, and nonfluent aphasia"

slow speech w/ difficulty
poor articulation
omissions
anomia
probs repeating phrases

comprehension of language OK
aware of deficits
frustration & depression
Postconcussional Disorder
1) loss of consciousness, amnesia, or seizures following a head trauma

2) persisting deficits in attention or memory

3) three or more symptoms for AT LEAST 3 MONTHS (e.g. irritability, fatigues, depression)

**the greatest amount of recovery occurs the first year
96. A person with agnosia is unable to identify a familiar object by sight but does identify it when it is placed in her hand. This is most likely due to
a visual impairment.
visual inattention.
a deficit in iconic memory.
visual "not knowing."
The Correct Answer is "D"
The type of visual agnosia described in this question is referred to as apperceptive agnosia and involves an inability to recognize familiar objects, especially in low-light conditions, when there are many shadows, when objects overlap, etc.
Cerebral Stroke
-brain damage resulting from an interruption of blood flow

-risk factors include arteriosclerosis and hypertension

-sx's include hemiplagia (paralysis on one side of the body), contralateral sensory loss, slurred speech, dizziness, and confusion, anosognosia
115. A person who has difficulty repeating words just spoken by another person and recalling the name of a familiar object has symptoms of:
Wernicke's aphasia
Wernicke's and Broca's aphasia
Wernicke's and conduction aphasia
Wernicke's, Broca's, and conduction aphasia
The Correct Answer is "D"
Wernicke's or receptive aphasia primarily affects comprehension, however, as a result of impaired comprehension there is also impairment in spoken and written language, and problems in recalling words (anomia). People with Broca's aphasia have difficulty expressing language and would, therefore, also have difficulty repeating what another has said. Conduction aphasia is due to damage to the nerve fibers (arcuate fasciculus) which connect Broca's area to Wernicke's area. The most typical result of conduction aphasia is difficulty repeating what one has heard. Thus, the symptoms listed are characteristic of all three disorders.
Wernicke's Aphasia
"receptive, sensory, and fluent aphasia"

probs understanding
speech devoid of content
anomia
paraphasia

unaware that speech is meaningless
Conduction (Associative) Aphasia
damage to structure that connects Wernicke's & Broca's areas

anomia
inability to repeat words

know what they want to say, but have difficulty
169. In females, the gonadotrophic hormones are released by the ________ on a regular cycle.
hypothalamus
pituitary gland
gonads
adrenal glands
The Correct Answer is "B"
The gonadotropic hormones are the same in males and females but they stimulate the gonads to release their own hormones (estrogen in females, androgens in males). The gonadotropic hormones are released by the pituitary gland.
Global Aphasia
total or near-total loss of language

some automatic speech
172. The medication considered most effective for the treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder is:
Lithium
Clomipramine
Disulfiram
Diazepam
The Correct Answer is "B"
Most of the antidepressant drugs such as clomipramine, imipramine, as well as the SSRIs are believed to increase serotonin activity which seems to lessen the effects of OCD. Lithium is often used in treating mood disorders, (C) disulfiram is the generic name for Antabuse and (D) diazepam as well as the other "pams" are benzodiazephines– sometimes used in the treatment of anxiety.
Transcortical Aphasia
lesion that isolates Broca's leads to:
transcortical MOTOR aphasia

lesion that isolates Wernicke's leads to:
transcortical SENSORY aphasia
The cingulate cortex is most associated with
The cingulate cortex is part of the limbic system and is believed to play an excitatory role in emotions and in motivating behaviors. It's also known as the satisfaction center – mediating feelings of satisfaction following eating and sex.
Transcortical Aphasia
lesion that isolates Broca's leads to:
transcortical MOTOR aphasia

lesion that isolates Wernicke's leads to:
transcortical SENSORY aphasia
2 types of antipsychotic drugs
1. Traditional (conventional)

2. Atypical (novel)
Impressive aphasia is to Wernicke's area as what type of aphasia is to Broca's area
expressive
16. For patients who develop a disturbing degree of hand tremor as the result of taking lithium carbonate, which of the following would be useful?
increasing the dosage of lithium
administering propranolol (Inderal)
administering an SSRI
administering L-tryptophan
Lowering the dose of lithium ordinarily eliminates tremors, but you're not given that option. Propranolol is a beta-blocker, which reduces the physiological aspects of anxiety, and, so it makes sense, that it would be useful for reducing tremors
Ex: traditional antipsychotics
phenothiazine
thioxanthene
butyrophenone
Medications used to treat symptoms of Parkinson's Disease block the effects of
dopamine
serotonin
acetylcholine
GABA
C
If you incorrectly chose "A," remember that Parkinson's is characterized by insufficient amounts of dopamine; thus, medical treatment seeks to increase dopamine, not block it. Another treatment strategy is to block acetylcholine receptors to help restore the normal balance between dopamine and acetylcholine. In Parkinson's, the loss of dopamine results in a relative excess of acetylcholine. Medications aim to restore the balance by increasing dopamine and/or blocking acetylcholine receptors
Use: traditional antipsychotics
+ve sx of schizophrenia
acute mania

NOT -ve sx of schizophrenia
Action: traditional antipsychotics
blocks dopamine (D2) receptors, therefore dec dopamine
Side effects: traditional antipsychotics
1. tardive dyskinesia (esp w/ Haloperidol)
- can add benzo or other GABA agonist to treat

2. neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS)
rapid autonomic sx
potentially fatal
stop meds immediately
Ex: Atypical antipsychotics
clozapine
resperidone
olanzapine
quetiapine
Use: Atypical antipsychotics
schizophrenia
bipolar
alc & drugs
huntington's
parkinson's

note: helpful for +ve & -ve sx of schizophrenia, but SLOWER ONSET
Mode: Atypical antipsychotics
block D2, serotonin & glutamate
side effects: Atypical antipsychotics
1. NMS

2. agranulocytosis (blood disorder)

NOT tardive dyskinesia
advantage of atypical vs traditional neuroleptics?
no tartive dyskinesia
helps +ve & -ve sx schiz
advantage of traditional vs atypical neuroleptics?
faster acting
no close blood monitoring
Ex: anticholinergic side effects
dry mouth
blurred vision
tachycardia
constipation
urinary retention
sedation
Ex: anticholinergic side effects
dry mouth
blurred vision
tachycardia
constipation
urinary retention
sedation
Ex: extrapyramidal side effects
tardive dyskinesia
akathisia
muscle spasms
parkinsonsim
Ex: extrapyramidal side effects
tardive dyskinesia
akathisia
muscle spasms
parkinsonsim
Types of antidepressants
TCSs

SSRIs

MAOIs

Newer antidepressants
Ex: TCAs
amitriptyline
doxepin
imipramine
clomipramine
Mode: TCAs
block reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin and/or dopamine, therfore increasing these

supporting catecholomine hypothesis
Side effects: TCAs
cardiovascular sx
anticholinergic effects
when not to prescribe a TCA
high risk for suicide

heart disease
Ex: SSRIs
fluoxetine (prozac)
fluvoxamine (luvox)
paroxetine (paxil)
sertraline (zoloft)
citalpram (celexa)
Mode: SSRIs
blocks reuptake of serotonin, therefore increases it
Use: SSRIs
melancholic depression
etc.
Use: TCAs
vegetative & somatic depression
advantages of SSRIs over TCAs
less cardiotoxic
safer in overdose
less cognitive impairment
more rapid onset
Ex: MAOIs
isocarboxazid
phenelzine
tranylcypromine
Use: MAOIs
atypical depression
- anxiety, hypersomnia
Mode: MAOIs
inhibits enzyme monoamine oxidase, therefore deactivates dopamine, norepinephrine & serotonin
Side effects: MAOIs
hypertensive crisis - when taken w/ barbiturates, amphetamines, antihistamines or food w/ TYRAMINE
Ex: newer antidepressants
bupropion (wellbutrin)
venlafaxine (effexor)
nefazodone (serxone)
trazodone (desyrel)
Types of mood stabilizing drugs
Lithium

Carbamazepine
Side effects: Lithium
toxicity

- serum levels monitored

Must avoid fluctuations in salt intake, caffeine, alcohol
when would you use Carbamazepine instead of Lithium in tx of bipolar disorder
rapid cyclers
dysphoric mood
kidney, liver, thyroid or gastrointestinal probs
Types of sedative-hypnotics
barbiturates

benzodiazepines

Azapirone
Types of sedative-hypnotics
barbiturates

benzodiazepines

Azapirone
Ex: barbiturates
... barbital !!
Ex: barbiturates
... barbital !!
Mode: barbiturates
interrupt impulses to RAS
Mode: barbiturates
interrupt impulses to RAS
Ex: benzos
... lam

... pam
Ex: benzos
... lam

... pam
Mode: benzos
inhibits GABA
Mode: benzos
inhibits GABA
advantages & disadvantages of Azapirone
non-addictive
no sedation

take for several weeks
advantages & disadvantages of Azapirone
non-addictive
no sedation

take for several weeks
Use: Beta blockers
high BP
angine
migraines
glaucoma
Types: psychostimulants
amphetamines

methylphenidate (ritalin)
Use: psychostimulants
narcolepsy
ADHD
Mode: psychostimulants
inc norepinephrine & serotonin
Side effects: amphetamines
tolerance
dependence
sensitization
side effects: Methylphenidate
dysphoria
growth suppression (therefore need drug holidays)

contraindicated for family hx tourette's
Ex: narcotic-analygesics (opioids)
NATURAL OPIODS
opium
morphine
codeine

SEMI-SYNTHETIC DERIVATIVES OF MORPHINE
heroin
percodan
dilaudid

PURE SYNTHETICS
demerol
darvon
methadone
Your friend Bill has been involved in a motorcycle accident that resulted in a head injury. His neurologist has indicated that Bill is experiencing aphasia. As a knowlegeable psychologist, you would give Bill all the following news about his injury except
because his language loss is not severe, he has a better chance of recovery.
the greatest amount of recovery will occur in the next 3 months.
since he is right-handed he will probably exhibit milder aphasia.
he is lucky to be sixteen instead of sixty-six.
C

This is an extremely difficult question. That's why you will review these tests several times. In regard to answer C, the opposite is true; Subirana (1969) found that left-handers generally exhibit milder aphasia, and recover more thoroughly and more quickly than right-handers. The course of recovery from aphasia due to head injury is related to several factors including age at time of injury–especially during the first three months (Kertesz, 1979)
The Sickness Impact Profile is used to

assess the impact of disease on physical and emotional functioning
assess emotional reactions to chronic illness
diagnose physical illnesses
diagnose personality disorders
A
The Sickness Impact Profile (SIP) is one of the most comprehensive quality of life measures available. It is used to assess the impact of disease on both physical and emotional functioning. Its focus is on behavioral measures of daily living such as sleep, eating, social interactions, and emotional behaviors. Contrary to "B," however, it is not used to assess emotional or other subjective reactions to illness
Head trauma causing damage to the temporal lobes is most likely to produce deficits

procedural memory.
episodic memory.
semantic memory.
implicit memory.
B
Damage to the temporal lobe produces deficits in declarative memory with episodic memory being affected more than semantic memory. Procedural memory is left relatively undisturbed as is implicit memory
Schachter
EVENT-->AROUSAL-->REASONING--> EMOTION

ou are walking down a dark alley late at night. You hear footsteps behind you and you begin to tremble, your heart beats faster, and your breathing deepens. Upon noticing this arousal you realize that is comes from the fact that you are walking down a dark alley by yourself. This behavior is dangerous and therefore you feel the emotion of fear
Lazarus
Lazarus Theory states that a thought must come before any emotion or physiological arousal. In other words, you must first think about your situation before you can experience an emotion.



EXAMPLE: You are walking down a dark alley late at night. You hear footsteps behind you and you think it may be a mugger so you begin to tremble, your heart beats faster, and your breathing deepens and at the same time experience fear.
A patient with right hemisphere damage is most likely to respond to jokes with which of the following reactions?

indifference
indifference or exaggerated jocularity
frustration and irritation
rage
B

The two hemispheres appear to have different functions in terms of emotions – the left hemisphere governs positive emotions, while the right hemisphere governs negative ones. Consequently, damage to the right hemisphere can produce apathy or undue cheerfulness, which may be reflected in the individual's response to humor
Left Dominant Hemisphere
-Language
-Verbal Memory
-Logic
-Rational Thought
-Positive Emotions
(any lesions in this hemisphere, the opposite will occur)
Right Hemi
-Visual-spatial
-Creativity
-Intuitive Thought
-Nonverbal Memory
-Negative Emotions (opposite: apathy, joking)
(any lesions in this hemisphere, the opposite will occur)
True or False
Ppl typically recall more digits heard by the ear that is contralateral to their dominant hemisphere (so their right ear)
TRUE
Sx's of Cerebral Stroke
DEPEND ON LOCATION BUT IN GENERAL
-hemiplegia (paralysis on one side of body)
-contralateral sensory loss
-slurred speech
-dizziness
-confusion
Of the following, which would be the most important factor to keep in mind when deciding whether to prescribe tricyclic anti-depressants to a patient?

the patient's suicide risk
the patient's history of treatment success or failure with tricyclics.
Whether or not the patient's symptoms are atypical.
whether or not the patient's symptoms are primarily vegetative.
All of these factors would be important to consider in deciding whether to prescribe tricyclics to a patient. However, safety considerations generally supercede all others; thus, choice "A" is the best answer. The risk of suicide in depressed patients must always be considered by physicians when writing prescriptions -- particularly for potentially dangerous drugs such as tricyclics
Anosognosia is most often due to damage to the
RIGHT PARIETAL LOBE

Anosognosia is an inability, or unwillingness, to recognize one's own functional impairment. It most often occurs in people who have left-sided hemiplegia due to damage to the right parietal lobe. Many of these patients maintain normal intellectual functioning, despite the serious lack of self-awareness of their physical disability. The parietal lobe contains the somatosensory cortex which is normally responsible for integrating somatosensory information with visual and other sensory information
Symptoms characteristic of benzodiazepine withdrawal include
anxiety, insomnia, nausea, transient hallucinations, sweating, tremors
Mental imaging or visualization, in the absence of external visual stimulation, is believed to be most associated with the
The medial temporal lobe (limbic system) contains the hippocampus, amygdala, and other structures which have recently been associated with the ability to generate mental images (G. Kreiman, C. Koch, & I. Fried, Category-specific visual responses of single neurons in the human medial temporal lobe. Nature Neuroscience, 2000, 3, 946-953).