Physio Practical 4

Front 1

Epineurium

Back 1

surrounds whole nerve

Front 2

perineurium

Back 2

surrounds each fascicle

Front 3

endoneurium

Back 3

covers myelinated and unmyelinated axons

Front 4

Spinal nerve purpose

Back 4

send information from peripheral sensory receptors to the spinal cord and info from the spinal cord to effectors

mediate spinal reflexes

Front 5

Brachial plexus nerves

Back 5

axillary, musculocutaneous, radial, median, ulnar

Front 6

lumbar plexus nerves

Back 6

femoral, obturator

Front 7

Sacral plexus nerves

Back 7

tibial, sciatic, common fibular, pudendal

Front 8

Shingles (herpes zoster) definition

Back 8

viral infection that causes a painful rash

Front 9

shingles cause

Back 9

encore of latent varcilla-zoster virus (VZV) in dorsal root ganglion after recovery from chickenpox

Front 10

symptoms of shingles

Back 10

stripes of blisters/rashes that wrap around specific areas of the torso

Front 11

dermatomes

Back 11

an area of skin that is supplied by a single spinal nerve

Front 12

CN

Olfactory I

Back 12

-olfaction (smell)

S

Front 13

CN

Optic II

Back 13

vision

S

Front 14

CN

Oculomotor III

Back 14

movement of eyelid and eyeball, accommodation of lens, and constriction of pupil

M

Front 15

CN

Trochlear IV

Back 15

movement of eyeball

M

Front 16

CN

Trigeminal V

Back 16

touch, pain, and thermal sensations from opthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular areas. Chewing and controls middle ear muscle.

B

Front 17

CN

Abducens VI

Back 17

abduction of the eyeball

M

Front 18

CN

Facial VII

Back 18

Taste, facial expression, tears, and salivation

Front 19

CN

Vestibulocochlear VIII

Back 19

equilibrium and hearing

S

Front 20

CN

Glossopharyngeal IX

Back 20

Taste, swallowing, speech, secretion of saliva, and monitors O2, CO2, and BP of blood

Front 21

CN

Vagus X

Back 21

-taste and somatic sensation from pharynx and epiglottis

-swallowing, coughing and voice production

-smooth muscle contraction and secretion of GI tract

-slows heart rate

B

Front 22

CN

Accessory XI

Back 22

movement of head and pectoral girdle

M

Front 23

CN

hypoglossal XII

Back 23

speech, manipulation of food, and swallowing (moves tongue)

M

Front 24

3 layers of the eye

Back 24

Outer Fibrous tunic

middle vascular tunic

sensory tunic

Front 25

outer fibrous tunic

Back 25

cornea

sclera

Front 26

middle vascular tunic

Back 26

iris

ciliary body

choroid

Front 27

sensory tunic (retina)

Back 27

pigmented layer

neural layer

Front 28

the nervous system

Back 28

-regulates body activities by responding rapidly using nerve impulses

-responsible for our perceptions, behaviors, memories, and voluntary movements

-composed of neurons and neuroglia

Front 29

Organization of nervous system

Back 29

-central nervous system

-peripheral nervous system (afferent and efferent)

Front 30

neurons

Back 30

conduct action potentials, structural and functional units of nervous tissue

Front 31

neuroglia

Back 31

support, protect, provide nutrients, augment the speed of neuron transmission

Front 32

neuroglial cells in the CNS

Back 32

astrocytes

oligodendrocytes

microglia

ependymal cells

Front 33

neuroglial cells in the PNS

Back 33

schwann cells

satellite cells

Front 34

astrocytes

Back 34

maintains environment around neurons; keeps neurons in place; forms BBB

Front 35

oligodendrocytes

Back 35

processes from cell form myelin sheaths around axons in the CNS

Front 36

microglial

Back 36

engulfs invading microbes; debris; necrotic tissue

Front 37

ependymal cells

Back 37

line the 4 ventricles of the brain and central canal. formation and circulation of cerebrospinal fluid

Front 38

Schwann cells

Back 38

entire cell forms myelin sheath around a segment of an axon in the PNS

Front 39

satellite cells

Back 39

covers sensory neuron cell bodies; maintains neuron environment

Front 40

structural classification of neurons

Back 40

multipolar

bipolar

unipolar

Front 41

functional classification of neurons

Back 41

afferent (sensory) neuron

interneuron

efferent (motor) neuron

Front 42

sensory (afferent) neurons

Back 42

-conduct signals from receptors to CNS

-unipolar or bipolar

Front 43

interneurons

Back 43

makes up 90% of neurons in CNS

multipolar

Front 44

motor (efferent) neurons

Back 44

-take signal to a target organ

-multipolar

Front 45

White matter

Back 45

-myelin sheaths are composed primarily (80%) of lipid that is responsible for giving nervous tissue with a myelin sheath a white appearance

Front 46

grey matter

Back 46

nervous tissue with little or no myelination appear gray

Front 47

medulla oblongata

Back 47

respiratory and cardiovascular control. reflexes involving coughing, vomiting, and sneezing

Front 48

pons

Back 48

relays information to the diencephalon and cerebellum. respiratory centers to aid the medulla oblongata

Front 49

midbrain

Back 49

contains sensory and motor tracts

- superior and inferior colliculi

Front 50

superior colliculi

Back 50

reflex centers involved in visual stimuli resulting in eye, head, and neck movements

Front 51

inferior colliculi

Back 51

reflex centers involved in auditory stimuli resulting in head and trunk movements

Front 52

cerebellum

Back 52

smooths and coordinates contractions of skeletal muscles. regulates posture and balance

Front 53

vermis

Back 53

is a constricted area that joins the two cerebellar hemispheres

Front 54

cerebellar cortex

Back 54

consists of gray matter in a series of folds called folia

Front 55

arbor vitae

Back 55

tracts of white matter in cerebellum

Front 56

thalamus- location

Back 56

composed of paired, egg shaped bodies. each cerebral hemisphere contains half of the the thalamus which is connected by the intermediate mass

Front 57

function of the thalamus

Back 57

relays almost all sensory input to the cerebral cortex. contributes to motor functions. plays roles in maintenance of consciousness, emotions, learning and memory

Front 58

hypothalamus function

Back 58

controls and integrates activities of ANS. produces hormones, emotional and behavioral patterns, regulates eating, drinking, circadian rhythm, and controls body temperature

Front 59

hypothalamus includes...

Back 59

mammillary bodies- smell and taste reflexes

optic chiasm

pituitary gland

infundibulum

Front 60

epithalamus

Back 60

contains pineal gland which secretes melatonin

Front 61

corpus callosum

Back 61

connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres

Front 62

cerebral cortex (grey matter) and White matter

Back 62

perception of sensory info; voluntary movements; association areas for memory, personality, and intelligence

Front 63

basal ganglia (nuclei)

Back 63

-help initiate and terminate movements, suppress unwanted movements, and regulates muscle tone

-involved with limbic system to promote range of emotions, including pleasure, pain, docility, affection, fear, and anger

Front 64

functional areas of the cerebrum

Back 64

motor- initiate impulses to skeletal muscles

sensory- receive and interpret impulses from sensory receptors

association-perform complex integrative functions

Front 65

CSF

Back 65

filtered blood plasma that bathes brain and spinal cord providing nutrients

Front 66

choroid plexus

Back 66

networks of blood capillaries in the walls of the ventricles that filters the blood plasma into ependymal cells

Front 67

ependymal cells

Back 67

cells found between the capillaries and the ventricles

Front 68

meningitis defintion

Back 68

bacterial, viral, or fungal infection of the meninges

Front 69

symptoms of meningitis

Back 69

onset is similar to the flu, but symptoms may appear suddenly and severely

-sensitivity to light

-seizures

-severe headaches

-stiff neck

Front 70

Reflex

Back 70

rapid, involuntary motor responses to environmental stimuli detected by sensory receptors

Front 71

Reflex arc components

Back 71

1. sensory receptor

2. sensory neuron

3. integrating center

4. motor neuron

5. effector

Front 72

cranial reflex

Back 72

reflex integrated at the level of the brain via cranial nerves

Front 73

spinal reflex

Back 73

reflex integrated at the level of the spine via spinal nerves

Front 74

monosynaptic reflex

Back 74

direct communication between sensory and motor neuron

Front 75

polysynaptic reflex

Back 75

interneuron facilitates sensory-motor communication

Front 76

Somatic senses

Back 76

tactile

thermal

pain

proprioception

Front 77

visceral senses

Back 77

information about conditions within organs

Front 78

Merkel discs/cell

Back 78

stratum basale

free nerve endings

touch > pressure

fine touch

Front 79

meissner corpuscle

Back 79

dermal papillae hairless skin

encapsulated

touch > pressure

low frequency vibrations, fine touch

Front 80

ruffini corpuscle

Back 80

dermis, ligaments, tendons

encapsulated

stretching of digits and limbs

Front 81

pacinian corpuscle

Back 81

subcutaneous and submucosal tissue, joints, tendons, muscle

encapsulated

pressure > touch

high frequency vibration

Front 82

muscle spindle

Back 82

senses stretch and prevents overstretching

Front 83

golgi tendon

Back 83

senses tension and prevents overexertion

Front 84

touch receptors

Back 84

adapt to constant stimulus by decreasing the number of action potentials they send over time

Front 85

temperature receptors

Back 85

adapt to a constant stimulus by decreasing the number of action potentials they send over time

Front 86

two-point discrimination

Back 86

areas with greater receptor density have smaller receptive field, and are better able to discriminate between two points

Front 87

astimatism

Back 87

mishapen cornea

Front 88

external ear

Back 88

auricle

external auditory canal

tympanic membrane

Front 89

middle ear

Back 89

auditory ossicles

oval window

round window

auditory tube

Front 90

inner ear

Back 90

bony labyrinth

Front 91

conduction deafness

Back 91

decreased ability to conduct energy of sound waves through external and middle ear to hearing receptors in inner war

left ear

Front 92

sensorineural deafness

Back 92

damage to hearing receptors, cochlear branch of vestibulocochlear nerve, or neural pathways to auditory cortex

right ear

Front 93

retinal detachment

Back 93

a medical emergency when the retina is separated from the choroid

Front 94

Sclera

Back 94

the white of the eye

a coat of dense connective tissue that adds to the shape of the eye and provides protection of the internal eye structures

Front 95

Cornea

Back 95

the anterior most portion of the sclera

appears cloudy in preserved specimens

the first portion of the eye to receive light

Front 96

conjunctiva

Back 96

a mucous membrane that overlies the anterior surface of the eye and serves to protect the cornea from mechanical damage

Front 97

lens

Back 97

a biconvex structure that is hard and opaque in preserved specimens

the shape of the lens determines where light will be focused in the retina

Front 98

ciliary body

Back 98

a black pigmented body that appears as a halo encircling the lens.

consists of mostly muscle for controlling the tension of the suspensory ligaments

also secretes the aqueous humor that circulates in the anterior cavity of the eye

Front 99

suspensory ligaments

Back 99

a halo of delicate fibers attaching the lens to the ciliary body.

a change in the tension of the suspensory ligaments will alter the shape of the lens and affect the focusing light on the retina

Front 100

iris

Back 100

anterior continuation of the ciliary body

this portion of the eye gives the eye its color

Front 101

choroid

Back 101

posterior continuation of the ciliary body

it appears brownish-blackish in humans, but irridecent in nocturnal animals

Front 102

retina

Back 102

contains the photoreceptors necessary for vision

neurons from sensory cells in retina exit the eye to form the optic nerve at optic disc

Front 103

aqueous humor

Back 103

the watery liquid secreted by the ciliary body that circulates in the anterior cavity of the eye. the aqueous humor must be drained to avoid an increase in intraocular pressure

Front 104

tapetum lucidum

Back 104

iridecent layer found in nocturnal animals for maximizing vision under low intensity light

Front 105

vitreous humor

Back 105

a thick, gelatinous substance located in posterior cavity of the eye behind the lens. this humor helps to maintain the position of the retina against the choroid layer of the eye.

Front 106

patellar reflex

Back 106

stretch reflex = muscle spindles

spinal, somatic, ipsilateral

quadriceps contracted

Front 107

Achilles reflex

Back 107

stretch reflex

spinal, somatic, ipsilateral

gastrocnemius, soleus

Front 108

flexor reflex

Back 108

spinal, somatic, ipsilateral

Front 109

crossed extensor reflex

Back 109

spinal, somatic, contralateral

Front 110

corneal reflex

Back 110

cranial, somatic, ipsilateral

blinking eyes

Front 111

gag reflex

Back 111

cranial, somatic, ipsilateral

Front 112

pupillary light reflex

Back 112

cranial, autonomic, contralateral

Front 113

consensual reflex

Back 113

cranial, autonomic, contralateral

Front 114

salivary reflex

Back 114

cranial, autonomic

Front 115

Weber test

Back 115

test for unilateral deafness

Front 116

rinne test

Back 116

tests cor conduction deafness