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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is spermatogenesis?
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This is the maturation process of spermatogonia to spermatids.
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Where are sperm formed?
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Mature spermatozoa (spermatids) are formed in the seminiferous tubules.
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Where are seminiferous tubules?
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They are found in the testes.
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Where are Sertoli cells and what is their function?
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Sertoli cells are in the seminiferous tubules, they aid in the maturation of the sperm cells, and they also secrete ABP, which helps to concentrate testosterone in the lumen of the seminiferous tubule.
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Where are the
interstitial cells (of Leydig) found and what do they produce? |
The Leydig cells are found
in the interstitial spaces around the seminiferous tubules. In response to LH, they will produce and secrete testosterone. |
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What is the function of the epididymis?
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The epididymis is a tube which stores the mature spermatozoa in a slightly acidic fluid environment.
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Where is the vas deferens?
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The vas deferens is the tube which connects the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct, which the merges with the urethra.
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What is secreted from the seminal vesicle?
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The seminal vesicle secretes fluids, which constitute about 60% of the seminal fluid; it is rich in fructose, which is a type of carbohydrate and supplies energy for the mature spermatozoa.
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What is secreted from the prostate gland?
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The prostate secretes fluids, which contain citric acid, Ca++ and coagulant proteins
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Why does and enlarged prostate gland cause urinary problems?
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An enlarged prostate gland can
cause urinary problems because it will "squeeze" the urethra, making it difficult to urinate. |
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What is the normal sperm count/ml of ejaculatory fluid?
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60-150 million/ml
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What does haploid mean?
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Haploid refers to a cell that has ½ the normal chromosome number; in humans the haploid number is 23.
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What is a gamete?
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A gamete is the general term for a gonadal cell produced by meiosis that has a haploid number of chromosomes.
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What are the sex steroids?
Where are they produced? |
The sex steroids are testosterone (and its 5a-derivatives) and estradiol.
They are produced in the gonads and also to a small amount in the adrenal gland. |
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What two hormones are referred to as the gonadotropins?
Where are their target cells in males? |
LH (Luteinizing hormone) and
FSH (Follicular Stimulating hormone). LH stimulates Leydig cells to release testosterone, and FSH stimulates Sertoli cells to speed up the production of spermatozoa. |
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What cells produce testosterone?
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Leydig cells
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How does the testosterone concentration of the blood affect gonadotropin release?
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Testosterone will inhibit the release of LH but not FSH.
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During what period in a male’s life span does spermatogenesis occur?
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In males, spermatogenesis occurs after puberty continuously through life
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What are the secondary sex characteristics in males?
What hormone stimulates the development of, and maintains these characteristics? |
Secondary males sex characteristics include: increase in bone mass, increased tissue around larynx, which causes a lowering of the voice, and increased production of hemoglobin.
Testosterone |
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What non-hormonal conditions depress spermatogenesis?
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Normal body temperature
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What is a vasectomy?
How does it cause infertility? Does it cause spermatogenesis to cease? Does it change testosterone levels? |
A procedure in which part of the vas deferens are removed and "tied" off.
It prevents sperm from passing out of the epididymis, so that sperm cannot be ejaculated. no no |
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What is cryptorchidism?
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This is a condition in which the testes do not descend out of the
body cavity into the scrotum. |
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What are the primary sex organs in males and in females?
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Males - the testes;
females - the ovaries. |
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What are the accessory organs, tubes and glands for males and females?
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Males - the epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicle and prostate gland;
females - the fallopian tubes and uterus |
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What are the external genitalia for males and females?
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Males - the penis and scrotum;
females the clitoris and labia major and labia minor |
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In embryonic sexual differentiation, which is the "default" pathway, male or female?
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The default pathway is female
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Is female sexual differentiation estrogen dependent?
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no
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Is the male sexual differentiation testosterone dependent?
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yes
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Gametes
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Sperm of egg cells that are formed in gonads by meiosis, contain a haploid number of chromosomes (23), fusion of sperm and egg during fertilization results in diploid zygote with 46 chromosomes
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Haploid
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23 chromosomes, found in gametes
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Fertilization
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Fusion of sperm and egg where the result is a diploid zygote containing 46 chromosomes
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Diploid
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Found in zygote after fertilization of sperm and egg
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Chromosomes
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Pairs that gives us a way of mixing and matching genes and DNA
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Homologous Chromosomes
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23 pairs of chromosomes, 22 autosomal and 1 sex
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Autosomal Chromosome
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Body chromosomes, 22 pairs
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Sex Chromosome
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Sex chromosome, 1 pair, XY = males XX = females
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Barr Body
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The one of 2 X’s in a female that becomes inactive and forms a clumps of inactive heterochromatin, can be tests for determining sex
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Gonads
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Sex organs that become either testes or ovaries, give rise to sperm or egg, in absence of testosterone female sex organs will develop
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Testosterone
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Produced from Leydig Cells at about 8 weeks after conception, Absolutely needed for development of male sex organs
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TDF (Testes Determining Factor)
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Produced during first trimester in the Y chromosome to convert the gonads to testes, produced by an SRY (sex determining factor of the Y chromosome)
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SYR (Sex determining Factor of the Y chromosome)
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Produces TDF (testes determining factor) that makes the Y chromosome be able to convert gonads to testes
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Sperm
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Male gamete
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Ovum
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Female gamete
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Seminiferous Tubules
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Location where spermatogenesis takes place, contains germinal cell that will produce sperm and the sertoli cells, and housing of the Testosterone secreting Leygid Cells
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Leydig Cells
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Produce testosterone that lie in the connective tissue between the ST
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Ovarian Follicles
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Produce female gametes (eggs or ova) in ovarian cycle
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Cryptorchidism
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“hidden testis”, testes do not descend into the scrotum
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Accessory Sex Organs
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Male accessory sex organs are derived from the wolffian ducts and include epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, and ejaculatory duct
Female accessory sex organs are derived from the Mullerian ducts and include uterus and fallopian tubes |
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Wolffian Ducts
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Male duct that forms the accessory organs of epididymus, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, and ejaculatory duct, all of this is only able to form in the presence of testosterone
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Epididymus
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A short term storage for the sperm where they are able to mature and become functional and motile
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Vas Deferens
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The large thick-walled muscular duct coming from each epididymus of each teste and empties into the urethra
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Seminal Vesicles
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Adds fluid to sperm passing through, which contains fructose for energy for the sperm, this fluid is mostly ejaculatory fluid, also secretes prostaglandins which stimulate contractions
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Ejaculatory Duct
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The vas deferens becomes the ejaculatory duct and merges with urethra in prostate where the fluid becomes semen
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Mullerian Duct
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Female duct that forms the accessory organs of uterus and fallopian tubes in the absence of testosterone
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Uterus
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Accessory organ that is primarily responsible for maintenance of the fetus during its development and expelling it at the end of pregnancy
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Fallopian Tubes
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Accessory organ that is a part of the female reproductive tract and are in close association with the two ovaries, pick up ova on ovulation and serve as the site for fertilization
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External Genitalia
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The externally visible portions of the reproductive system
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Penis
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Organ used to deposit semen in the female, testosterone is needed for this structure to masculinize
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Male Urethra
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Canal that runs the length of the penis and empties to the exterior, testosterone is needed for this structure to masculinize
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Scrotum
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Skin covered sac that covers the tests between the legs, testosterone is needed for this structure to masculinize
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Homologous Structures
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The structures between the male and female that in the absence of testosterone will form for females, these structures include clitoris instead of penis, labia instead of scrotum
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Puberty
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The period of arousal and maturation of the previously nonfunctional reproductive system, culminating in sexual maturity and the ability to reproduce, usually begins around the ages of 10-14, and begins about 2 years earlier in females, encompasses a sequence of endocrine, physical, and behavioral events
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Secondary Sex Characteristics
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At puberty the hypothalamus increases GnRH secretion which stimulates increased LH and FSH which stimulates the sex steroid secretion which crives changes in secondary sex characteristics, Males growth of cartilage around larynx deep voice and pubic and auxillary hair, females have first menstrual flow and also pubic and auxillary hair
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Menarche
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1st menstrual flow
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Inhibin
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Produced from the sertoli cells in the seminiferous tubules that give negative feedback on the production of the FSH which is needed for the production of sperm
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Estradiol
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The converted form of testosterone for females to use as estrogen
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Aromatase
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Enzyme that converts testosterone to estradiol that allows females to use it as estrogen
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Sertoli Cells
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Housed in the ST and secrete MIF (mullerian inhibiting factor) that degrades the mullerian duct
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Spermatogenesis
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the production of sperm that is stimulated by FSH, occurs in the walls of ST’s
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Spermatogonia
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Stem cells that embed and are nurtured by sertoli cells
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Meiosis
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Give rise to haploid cells
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Blood-Testis Barrier
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A function of the sertoli cells that prevents an autoimmune destruction of developing sperm
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ABP (Androgen Binding Protein)
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Secreted by sertoli cells into lumen of ST’s that binds to testosterone thus maintaining a very high level of this hormone in the lumen of the ST, essential for sustaining sperm production
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Acrosome
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Surrounds the head of the sperm, like a cap filled with digestive enzymes, if a sperm encounters an ova it is going to have to digest its way through the membrane to fuse DNA, the enzymes in the acrosome help this process
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Rete Testis
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Small series of tubes that allows spermatozoa and fluid to eventually make their way thru epididymus and ductus deferens,
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Efferent Ductules
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The outer lining of testes and beginning of epididymus
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Prostate
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Adds the fluid to the sperm to create semen, this is the second gland to give it its fluid like complex, adds citric acid calcium and coagulation proteins
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Semen
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The fluid that travels through the seminal vesicles and once pass thru prostate fluid is added and becomes semen as it now contains fructose for energy, citric acid, calcium, and coagulation proteins
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Oligospermia
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Infertile sperm count of <20million/mL
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Gossypol
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A type of male contraception that interferes with sperm development but comes with side effects
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Vasectomy
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A non reversible male contraception, most widely used, vas deferens is cut and tied so sperm can’t enter the urethra, accumulate in crypts along reproductive tract where sperm are then phagocytosized by immune system, 70% develop anti-sperm antibodies
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