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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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ions and proteins, systems integration of anatomy, biology, chem, and physics |
what is physio?
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ATP <---> ADP + Pi + energy
Glucose +O2 + ADP + Pi ---> ATP + CO2 +H20 + heat
CO2 + H20 <---> HCO3- + H+
PV=NRT |
4 critical equations in physio
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our currency to spend and to accomplish various processes |
ATP <---> ADP + Pi + energy what is this used for |
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use this equation to make the most currency for our body |
glycolysis glucose + O2 + ADP + Pi ----> ATP + Co2 + H2O + Heat |
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this aids in the transport of a key gas (equation) but creates a pH problem... |
CO2 + H2O <-----> HCO3- + H+ |
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this eq is key in the lungs, blood vessels, etc |
PV=NRT |
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glucose |
this spikes after a meal |
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homeostasis |
creates stable maintenance in the body same as dynamic constancy |
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homeotostatic control systems |
hormones and cells and systems make sure the parameters stay relatively the same set of interconnected components |
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keep parameter at its set point (SP) |
purpose of homeostatic control systems |
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set point |
range of normal functioning in the body |
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steady state |
parameter at its SP systems not changing, but energy being used to keep in the range NOT at equilibrium, no chage in energy at eq. because energy limites, trade off required to keep one parameter at _____ or another |
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disturbances from steady state |
reactive---> response = feedback negative = opposite of ___ direction positive = continue in same direction of _______ |
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feed-forward feedback |
an anticipation in a disturbance from steady state body doesn't have to react as much limits the degree of feedback that's necessary less energy required |
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biorhythms |
homeostatic control systems (HCS) 24 hour cycle patterns, circadian, annual, lunar all patterns not the same ex body temp higher when sleeping plasma growth hormones higher when sleeping
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feedforward |
type of activation seen in biorhythms proactive instead of reactive |
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DNA |
we are set up to be active during the day and sleep at night (diurnal) in our _______ |
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internal clocks |
internal trigger components that tell us what time it is and whether we should be active or inactive NOT determined by the environment |
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genetic changes |
adaptations that set us up for survival come from ______ adapted to have biorhythms set up and ______ made us that way |
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acclimatization |
-the adjustments we can make to biorhythms (within limits) to our biorhythms -ie clock reset, changing SP |
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clock reset/SP changes |
-this happens due to the environment -but NOT based on genetic changes -usually reversible -exception: fetal ______ in development (eg fetal alcohol syndrome) -any changes in utero cannot be reversed |
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reflex arc |
-a control for HCS -way to control a system using circular pathway of afferent and efferent pathways |
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receptor |
-part of reflex arc - first part of the arc that receives a stimulus can be external or internal - |
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afferent pathway |
-part of reflex arc that goes to something -goes to integrating center |
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integrating center |
-part of reflex arc that knows what the current set point is and if we are in it or not -can be brain, glands, etc -if in correct range nothing happens -if we are off our SP, we need to do something to change it - |
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efferent pathway |
-part of reflex arc -going from something -going to place in the body that is going to create a change -get response (whatever change we need in physiology to counteract a stimulus) -change happens by messages being passed |
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glands or neurons |
endocrine cells released by __________ |
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chemical messengers |
move through EC fluid to elecit a response -3 types: endocrine, paracrine, neurotransmitter |
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plasma (water portion of the blood) |
pathway for endocrine messenger |
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distant effectors |
endocrine messengers communicate with ______ |
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distant effectors |
any cell that has interaction potential with blood (pretty much every cell) |
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most cells |
cells that release paracrine messengers |
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interstitial fluid (IF) |
pathway for paracrine messengers |
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neighbor effectors (bc moves by diffusion, can't diffuse under a long range) |
paracrine messengers communicate with ______ |
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neurons |
cells that release ntrans |
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IF (synapse) |
pathway for ntrans |
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next neighbor neuron or effector |
ntrans communicate with _____ |
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autocrine, cytokines |
three other chemical messengers that you cannot group in with the main 3 -still travel thru EC fluid |
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autocrine |
chem messengers that communicate with itself -effector is releaser -pathway is IF |
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cytokine |
-chem messenger -pathway thru IF/plasma/lymph
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juxtacrines and gap junctions |
chemical messengers that are not based on EC fluid
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gap junctions |
direct channels between adjacent cells -signal present in one cell and can move thru and be a signal in another cell |
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juxtacrines |
messengers bound to the cell membrane not released, stays on the surface |
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cell |
basic unit of body organization -all contain the same DNA -new ____ via mitosis |
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differentiation |
cells go from unspecialized to specialized |
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muscle, connective, nerve, epithelial |
4 major categories of cells |
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muscle cells |
cells that help generate mechanical force (move, beat heart etc) |
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nerve cells |
these cells works to make electrical signals |
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epithelial cells |
these cells interact with the outside environment ie, skin, lungs |
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connective cells |
cells that connect,anchor, and support ie metabolic, structural, etc |
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muscle, connective, nerve, epithelial |
four major types of tissues |
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tissues |
groupings of similar specialized cells |
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organs |
combinations of tissues -vary in proportion and pattern |
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functional unit |
does the whole job of the organ but is repeated over and over -whole organ is duplications of the ________ to do the larger function -nephron is the _______ of the kidney -not every one is working all the time |
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redundancy |
don't lose the function of the organ just because one functional unit isn't working |
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expansion |
can expand the capacity of an organ and not lose any time -add more without stopping |
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heart |
only has one functional unit |
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organ systems |
organs with a common function -many contain organs from other ______ ex: immune = WBCs, spleen, thymus and WBCs are in circ |
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matrix |
-mix of proteins and minerals -function is to provide structure and regulate info transfer |
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protein types in the matrix |
fibers, main ones (eg hair) long and thin -collagen and elastin and reticular |
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collagen |
fiber in the body with rope-like traits |
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elastin |
fiber in the body, rubber band like trait |
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reticular fibers |
fibers in the body type III collagen form a scaffolding for other cells |
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intracellular, extracellular, plasma |
3 fluid compartments |
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intracellular fluid |
-type of fluid compartment -cytosol within the cells -67% of total water |
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extracellular fluid |
-type of fluid compartment -outside of the cells -interstitial fluid (IF) - between cells 26% of total water
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plasma |
-type of fluid compartment -7% of total water |
