Physio Final - Female Reproduction

Front 1

What gonadotropin contains both an ALPHA and a BETA subunit?

Back 1

LH and FSH

Front 2

What are the roles of FSH and LH in the female?

Back 2

FSH:
- stimulate growth of granulosa cells
- increase aromatase activity (increase E2)
- E2 increases FSH receptors on granulosa cells
- FSH + E2 increase LH receptors on granulosa cells, more sensitive to circulating LH

LH:
- stimulates theca cells to produce androgen
- stimulates granulosa cells to produce progesterone

Front 3

What is E3?

Back 3

Estriol, made in the placenta, is a form of estrogen important for fetal development.

Front 4

What parts of the female anatomy have estrogen and PG receptors?

Back 4

uterus
mammary glands
bind near C terminus

Front 5

FSH stimulates what in granulosa cells?

Back 5

FSH produces aromatase, stimulating conversion of testosterone to estrogen2.

Front 6

What produces the LH surge?

Back 6

E2 produced and FSH together go back and stimulate increased LH-R on the granulosa cells (more sensitive to LH).

Front 7

What is the 2-cell theory?

Back 7

It deals with regulation of steroidogenesis, where no one cell can produce E2.

theca cells make testosterone but not aromatase or E2. LH stimulates androgen production through cAMP to Leydig cells.

granulosa cells can't make testosterone but can make E2, FSH makes E2 via cAMP.

Front 8

Where does Meiosis I occur in females? Where and when does Meiosis II happen?

Back 8

Meiosis I occurs in utero, arrested in Prophase I as primary oocytes.

Meiosis I is completed at puberty, arrested at Metaphase II.

Meiosis II is resumed and completed during fertilization.

Front 9

What are the different roles of estrogen?

Back 9

- female secondary sex characteristics
- bone growth, prevents osteoperosis
- kidney, increases Na resorption
- increases SSBG (steroid binding proteins) in the liver.
- decreases acne (sebacious)
- lowers cholesterol

Front 10

What two hormones govern puberty in the female?

Back 10

GnRH and FSH

signal estrogen production, fat deposition into breasts.

Front 11

What is Tamoxifen and how does it work?

Back 11

Women who are menopausal take estrogen to block osteoperosis, but the estrogen promotes breast cancer, so they treat with TAMOXIFEN, which blocks E2 estradiol action, they can also block aromitase.

Front 12

Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism (Hypo-hypo), what is it?

Back 12

Premature ovarian failure, defect in steroidogenic enzymes, genetic defect such as Turner’s syndrome – 45XO gonadal dysgenesis (formation), due to infections or cancer treatment such as irradiation or chemotherapy

No ovarian function, no negative feedback, LH and FSH levels are increased – hyper/hypo

Front 13

Hypo/hyper gonadism

Back 13

defect at the level of the pituitary or the hypothalamus

Kallmans syndrome – GnRH neurons fail to migrate to the right place, no GnRH stimulating LH and FSH

Anorexia, stress, weight loss, exercise excessive

Front 14

What is Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome?

Back 14

increased LH, Testosterone, and Insulin

acne, hirsutism, weight gain, chronic inflammation, ovarian cysts, HTN, no menses

treat with BC, metformin and CLOMIPHENE

Front 15

what does CLOMIPHENE do?

Back 15

blocks E2 feedback on hypothalamus to deal with excess androgen. You get high testosterone to estrogen levels.

Also add Metformin, which inhibits estrogen.