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92 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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ipsilateral
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on the same side
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not contralateral
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contralateral
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on the opposite side
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contra=against
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anterior
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in front of, closest
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opposite of posterior
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posterior
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farthest away, behind
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posterior end=behind
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rostral
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front of brain
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rooster
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caudal
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back of brain
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opposite of rostral
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dorsal
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back, closest to skull in brain
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dorsal fin
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ventral
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stomach side, below
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opposite of dorsal
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lateral
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side
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medial
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middle (belly button, for example)
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median is...
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which way does a cross/frontal section go?
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vertical to head, up and down: nose <(|) back of head
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like an MRI
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which way does a horizontal section go?
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through the head as though a helicopter sliced it
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horizon, Helicopter
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which way does a sagittal cut go?
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down the middle of the skull (|o } midsagittal goes straight through nose
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what order do the meninges go (closest to skull to furthest)
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dura, arachnoid, pia
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dap
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what's another name for the midbrain
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mesencephalon
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mesasoic era...
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2 parts of the forebrain
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telencephalon
diencephalon |
DIe hard TELEvision fan
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2 parts of the hindbrain
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metencephalon
myelencephalon |
reminds me of myelIn and starts with "met"
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purpose of the hindbrain
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necessary for physiological survival
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purpose of the midbrain
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necessary for survival of the species
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purpose of the forebrain
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separates us from other species
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parietal lobe
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located on top of skull, porcesses somatosensory information (touch, heat, etc)
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temporal lobe
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located by ear/temple, learning, memory, processes auditory info
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temple
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occipital lobe
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base of brain, processes visual info
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Optometrist Occipital
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frontal lobe
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front of skull (forehead), separates us from other animals, motor information, emotion, etc*****
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very important
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what does the limbic system do
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emotions, reactions
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what does the hippocampus do
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learning, memory
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what does the amygdala do
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output for emotional expression such as heart rate, respiration, etc (4 Fs)
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what is the ventricular system
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4 hollow spaces inside brain containing cerebrospinal fluid that supports weight of brain and helps reduce shock
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ventricles
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what produces cerebrospinal fluid
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choroid plexus- tissue within ventricles
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what are the parts of the telencephalon (3) aka lateral ventricles
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lateral ventricles, cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system
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cc, bg, ls
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what are the 2 parts of the diencephalon aka 3rd ventricle
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thalamus, hypothalamus
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what are the parts of the mesencephalon aka midbrain
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aka cerebral aqueduct, tectum & tegmentum
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t & t
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2 parts of the metencephalon aka 4th ventricle
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pons and cerebellum
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part of the myelencephalon
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medulla, (reticular formation) - keeps us physiologically alive
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why are alligators so ornery?
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what is a sulcus?
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folded brain tissue- small groove
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what is a fissure?
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larger grooves in brain
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what is a gyrus?
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surface between fissues/sulci, the bumps of the brain
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where is the longitudinal fissure?
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separates the hemispheres
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where is the lateral fissure?
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on the side of the brain, one on each side
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where is the central fissure?
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separates cortex <(|)
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what does the corpus callosum do?
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brudges the hemispheres
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what does the PREcentral gyrus do?
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aka primary motor strip - movement when stimulated
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what does the POSTcentral gyrus do?
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aka primary somatosensory cortex - sensation when stimulated
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sssscentral sssssensation/ssssomatossssensory
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what does the frontal lobe do BESIDES motor area?
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abstract thought, regulate movements, make decisions
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what disease is caused by a degeneration of some of the parts of the BASAL GANGLIA
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Parkinson's is caused by the degeneration of the dopamine neurons in the caudate nucleus and putamen
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3 parts of the basal ganglia
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-caudate nucleus
-globus pallidus -putamen |
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what does the thalamus do?
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relay station for sensory info
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what does the hypothalamus do?
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controls the autonomic nervous system, hormonal controls - 4 Fs
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2 parts of tegmentum
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-periaqueductal gray matter
-substancia nigra |
2 colors
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2 parts of tectum and function
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-superior colliculi - vision
-inferior colliculi - hearing |
see, hear
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what does cerebellum mean and what does it do
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"little brain" - fine motor coordination
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what does the pons do
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pathway, allows important connections to pass through
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how many cervical and where
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top of spine, 7
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how many thoracic
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12
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how many lumbar
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5
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the names of the 2 fused spinal structures
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coccyx, sacral
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what does the dorsal root do?
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spinal root that contains incoming (afferent) sensory fibers
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what does the ventral root do?
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spinal root containing outgoing (efferent) motor fibers
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what does the central nervous system include
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brain, spinal cord
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2
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what are the divisions in the peripheral nervous system
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somatic, autonomic (sympathetic, parasympathetic)
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2 main, 2 branches
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what does the sympathetic autonomic system do
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arousal
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what does the parasympathetic autonomic system do
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calming
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what is phagocytosis
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cells that engulf dead neurons
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what are the types of cells that make myelin in the cns and pns
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oligodendrocytes in the pns, schwann cells in cns
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afferent neurons are..
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sensory
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interneurons do what?
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relay messages between sensory and motor neurons
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efferent neurons are...
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motor
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what is the history of neuron doctrine?
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nervous system is made up of discrete cells called neurons
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simple
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at rest, the inside of a cell is ____ compared to outside
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negative
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what is diffusion
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movement of molecules to areas of low concentration from areas of higher concentration
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what is electrostatic pressure
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"opposites attract" - attractive force between atomic particles charged with opposite signs or the repulsive force between 2 atomic particles charged with same sign
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what is exocytosis
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when the vesicles migrate, fuse, and deposit contents into synaptic cleft
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what is an epsp?
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exitatory postsynaptic potential - depolarization (more positive)
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what is an ipsp?
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inhibitory postsynaptic potential - hyperpolarization (more negative)
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what are the levels of sodium like inside and outside the cell
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inside- low, outside- high
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what are the levels of chloride in the cell
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inside- low, outside- high
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what are the levels of potassium in the cell
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inside- high, outside- low
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what is a neuromodulator?
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a neurochemical that is slower than a neurotransmitter, long lasting
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what does an autoreceptor do?
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regulates release of neurotransmitter and stimulates creation of it
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what is the difference between spatial and temporal summation?
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spatial just adds together to cancel each other out, temporal means two successive are stronger than two further apart
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what is synaptic integration?
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adding up epsps and ipsps to decide whether or not to fire
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what is an agonist?
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binds to receptor to activate it
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what is an antagonist?
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binds to receptor but simply blocks it
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what is plasticity?
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consistent changes in behavior can create long lasting changes in physiology of organism
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who was first to believe brain was involved in sensation and intelligence?
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hippocrates
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does physiological psych favor monism or dualism
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monism- mind and body are one
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what were the early nerve theories?
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1st - water
2nd - electrical |
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What did Bell and Magendie discover?
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separate nerves for sensation and movement
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what was Muller's doctrine of specific nerve energies?
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all neurons say excite or inhibit but what is sent is determined by where the neuron is
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what did Hemholtz discover?
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neurons communicate with chemicals
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Where did localization of function begin?
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Gall - phrenology
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My Girl
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What did Florens discover?
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through brain ablations, observed localization of function, no localization in cortex
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