Physio Exam 1

Front 1

Acetylcholine

Back 1

Activates the cerebral cortex and facilitates learning. Primary neurotransmitter. Secreted by efferent axons of the CNS.

Hint 1

Also found in ganglia of autonomic nervous system and at targe organs of parasympathetic branch of ANS.

Front 2

Acetyl-COA

Back 2

A cofactor that supplies acetate for the synthesis of Acetylcholine.

Front 3

Choline acetyltransferase

Back 3

the enzyme that transfers the acetate ion from acetyl coenzyme A to Choline, producing the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.

Front 4

Botulinum toxin

Back 4

Anacetylcholine antagonist, prevents release of ACh by terminal buttons.

Hint 4

Prevents release of ACh, potent poison.

Front 5

Nicotinic receptor

Back 5

An ionotropic ACh receptor that is stimulated by nicotine and blocked by curare

Front 6

muscarinic receptor

Back 6

a metabotropic ACh receptor that is stimulated by muscarine and blocked by atropine.

Hint 6

Mostly CNS

Front 7

Atropine

Back 7

A drug that blocks muscarinic ACh receptors.

Hint 7

ACh on muscarinic receptors so pupils don't constrict.

Front 8

Curare

Back 8

A drug that blocks nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.

Front 9

Monoamine

Back 9

A class of amines that includes indolamines such as serotonin, and catecholamines such as dopamine, norepineprhine, and epinephrine.

Front 10

Catelcholamine

Back 10

A class of amines that includes the NTs dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine.

Front 11

Dopamine

Back 11

NT; Found in he Nigrostrial tract (movement); Mesolimbic tract (pleasure centers); Mesocortical tract (problem solving planning); Tuberoinfundibular tract (pituitary-- hypothalamus)

Hint 11

Inhibitoryand Excitatory. Reuptake. Asso. with movement, attention, reward/addictions, PArkinson's and Schizophrenia. Agonist: cocain, amphetamines, L-Dopa; Antagonists: Chlorphromazine.

Front 12

L-Dopa

Back 12

The levorotatory form of Dopa; the precursor of the catelcholamines;

Hint 12

often used to treat Parkinsons because of its effect as a dopamine agonist.

Front 13

Nigrostriatal system

Back 13

System of neurons originating in the substantia nigra and terminating in the neostriatum (caudate nucleus and putamen)

Front 14

Mesolimbic system

Back 14

System of dopaminergic neurons originating in the ventral tegmental area and terminating in the nucleus accumbens, amygdala, and hippocampus.

Front 15

Mesocortical system

Back 15

System of dopaminergic neurons originating in the ventral tegmental area, and terminating in the nucleus accumbens, amygdala, and hippocampus.

Front 16

AMPT

Back 16

A drug that blocks the activity of tyrosine hydroxylase and thus interferes with the synthesis of catecholamines.

Front 17

Reserpine

Back 17

A drug that interferes with the storage of monoamines in synaptic vesicles.

Front 18

Methylphenidate

Back 18

A drug that inhibits the reuptake of dopamine.

Front 19

Monoamine oxidase (MAO)

Back 19

A class of enzymes that destroy monoamines; dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin.

Front 20

Deprenyl

Back 20

a drug that blocks the activity of MAO-B; acts as a dopamine agonist.

Front 21

Chlorpromazine

Back 21

drug that reduces symptoms of schizophrenia by blocking dopamine D2 receptors.

Front 22

Norepinephrine

Back 22

Catelcholamine; NT found in brain and in Sypathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. Inhibitory in CNS - Excitatory in PNS -- Brain Stem: Arousal, Dreaming, sleep, anxiety, fear, mood, hunger, thirst, sex.

Hint 22

Agonist: Cocaine and Amphetamines. MAO inhibitors (antidepressants). Angagonists: Reserpine -interferes with the storage of monoamines in synaptic vesicle. Some antipsychotics.

Front 23

Epinephrine

Back 23

produced by the adrenal medulla, the central core of the adrenal glands located up kidney.

Front 24

Fusaric Acid

Back 24

Prevents conversion of dopamine to norepinephrine, blocks the production of NE.

Front 25

Idazoxan

Back 25

Blocks alpha 2 autoreceptors and acts as an agonist for NE.

Front 26

Serotonin

Back 26

Indolamine NT; Brain stem -- Sleep. widely diffused through brain-- pleasure, movement, mood, vision.

Hint 26

Agonists-- MAO inhibitors, SSRI'S, LSD; Andtagonists--- Reserpine and PCPA result in hyperexcitability and insomnia. Inhibitory. Tryptophan -- Serotonin.

Front 27

Fluoxetine

Back 27

Inhibits the reuptake of Serotonin.

Front 28

Fenfluramine

Back 28

Simulates the release of Serotonin.

Front 29

Glutamate

Back 29

Amino acid; most important excitatory NT in the brain. NMDA Receptor, AMPA receptor, Kainate receptor.- Ionotropic.

Hint 29

Antagonist - PCP; AP5. Agonists- AMPA; Kainic acid; NMDA.

Front 30

GABA

Back 30

Inhibitory; Basal ganglia-- huntington's chorea. Common in CNS gray matter.

Hint 30

Agonist-- Benzodiazepines, alcohol, barbiturate, muscimol. Antagonists-- picrotoxin, absinthe, bicuculline.

Front 31

Glycine

Back 31

Inhibitory; Brain stem, spinal cord, retina. Receptor is Ionotropic.

Hint 31

Antagonist -- Tetanus; inhibits an inhibitor resulting in convulsed muscles. Stychnine - Convulsant. No agonists found yet.

Front 32

Peptides

Back 32

Chains of amino acids

Hint 32

Endorphins, enkephalins, substance P.

Front 33

Endogenous opioids

Back 33

Peptide secreted by brain that acts as opiate.

Front 34

Enkephalins

Back 34

One of the endogenous opioids.

Front 35

Naloxone

Back 35

Used to reverse opiate intoxication. Blocks opiate receptors.

Front 36

Anandamide

Back 36

first cannabinoid discovered. Synthesized on demand. Brain, frontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, basal ganglia, cerebellum. Frontal lobe, cingulate gyrus, hippocampus, hypothalamus, cerebellum.

Hint 36

Receptors blocksed by rimonabant.

Front 37

Adenosine

Back 37

Nucleoside. Inhibitory. Sleep. Glial cells, neurons. Neuromodulator.

Hint 37

Caffeine blocks adenosine receptors.

Front 38

Nitric Oxide

Back 38

Soluble gas. Communication between neurons; penile erectionsl neural changes during learning.

Front 39

Neuraxis

Back 39

Imaginary line drawn through the center of the length of the CNS, from bottom of spinal cord to front of forebrain.

Front 40

Anterior

Back 40

Located near or towards the head.

Front 41

Posterior

Back 41

Located near or towards the tail.

Front 42

Rostral

Back 42

In direction along the neuraxis away from the front of the face.

Front 43

Dorsal

Back 43

Towards the top of the head or the back.

Front 44

Ventral

Back 44

Towards the belly. Towards the bottom of the skull or the front surface of the body.

Front 45

Lateral

Back 45

Towards the side of the body away from the middle.

Front 46

Medial

Back 46

Towards the middle of the body away from the side.

Front 47

Ipsilateral

Back 47

On the same side of the body.

Front 48

Contralateral

Back 48

On the opposite side of the body.

Front 49

Contralateral

Back 49

On the opposite side of the body.

Front 50

Cross section

Back 50

slice taken at right angles to the neuraxis.

Front 51

Frontal Section

Back 51

Slice through the brain parallel to the forehead.

Front 52

Horizontal section

Back 52

Slice through the brain parallel to the ground.

Front 53

Sagittal section

Back 53

Slice of brain prallel to the neuraxis and perpendicular to the ground.

Front 54

Midsagittal plane

Back 54

Plane through the neuraxis perpendicular to the ground. Divides the brain into two symmetrical halves.

Front 55

Meninges

Back 55

The three layers of tissue that encase the CNS. Dura mater, arachnoid membrane, Pia Mater.

Front 56

Dura mater

Back 56

Outermost of the meninges. Tough and flexible.

Front 57

Arachnoid Membrane

Back 57

The middle layer of the meninges located between the outer dura mater and the inner pia mater.

Front 58

Subarachnoid space

Back 58

Fluid filled space that cushions the brain; located between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater.

Front 59

Cerebrospinal Fluid CSF

Back 59

A clear fluid, fills the ventricular system of the brain and the subarachnoid space surrounding the brain and spinal cord.

Front 60

ventricle

Back 60

One of the hollow spaces within the brain filled with CSF.

Front 61

Lateral ventricle

Back 61

One of the two ventricles located in the center of the telencephalon.

Front 62

Third ventricle

Back 62

The ventricle located in the center of the diencephalon.

Front 63

Cerebral Aqueduct

Back 63

A narrow tube interconnecting the third and fourth ventricles of the brain, located in the center of the mesencephalon.

Front 64

Fourth ventricle

Back 64

Ventricle located between the cerebellum and the doral pons, in the center of the metencephalon.

Front 65

Choroid Plexus

Back 65

The highly vascular tissue that protrudes into the ventricles and produces CSF.

Front 66

Neural Tube

Back 66

Hollow tube, closed at the rostral end, that forms from ectodermal tissue early in embryonic development; serves as the origin of the central nervous system.

Front 67

Cerebral Cortex

Back 67

Outermost layer of gray matter of the cerebral hemisphere.

Front 68

ventricular zone

Back 68

Layer of cells that line the inside of the neural tube; contains progenitor cells that divide and give rise to cells of the CNS.

Front 69

Progenitor cells

Back 69

Cells of the ventricular zone that divide and give rise to cells of the CNS

Front 70

Symmetrical division

Back 70

Division of a progenitor cell that gives rise to two identical progenitor cells; increases the size of the ventricular zone and hence the brain that develops from it.

Front 71

Asymmetrical division

Back 71

Division of a progenitor cell that gives rise to another progenitor cell and a neuron, which migrates away from the ventricular zone towards its final resting place in the brain

Front 72

Radial Glia

Back 72

Special glia with fibers that grow radially outward from the ventricular zone to the surface of the cortex, provide guidance for neurons migrating outward during brain development.

Front 73

Cajal-Retzius Cells

Back 73

Specialized neurons that establish themselves during cortical development in a layer near the terminals of the radial glia, just inside the pia mater; secrete a chemical that controls the establishment of migrating neurons in the layers of the cortex.

Front 74

Apoptosis

Back 74

Death of a cell caused by a chemical signal that activates a genetic mechanism inside the cell.

Front 75

Forebrain

Back 75

The most rostral of the three major divisions of the brain; includes the telencephalon and diencephalon

Front 76

Cerebral hemisphere

Back 76

One of the two major portions of the forebrain, covered by cerebral cortex.

Front 77

Subcortical region

Back 77

The region located within the brain, beneath the cortical surface.

Front 78

Sulcus

Back 78

A groove in the surface of the cerebral hemisphere, smaller than a fissure.

Front 79

Fissure

Back 79

A major groove in the surface of the brain, larger than a sulcus.

Front 80

Gyrus

Back 80

A convolution of the cortex of the cerebral hemispheres, separated by sulci or fissures.

Front 81

Primary visual cortex

Back 81

The region of the posterior occipital lobe whose primary input is from the visual system.

Front 82

Calcarine fissure

Back 82

A fissure located in the occipital lobe on the medial surface of the brain; most of the primary visual cortex is located along is upper and lower banks.

Front 83

Primary auditory cortex

Back 83

The region of the superior temporal lobe whose primary input is from the auditory system.

Front 84

Lateral fissure

Back 84

the fissure that separates the temporal lobe from the overlying frontal and parietal lobes.

Front 85

Primary somatosensory cortex

Back 85

The region of the anterior parietal lobe whose primary input is from the somatosensory system.

Front 86

Central sulcus

Back 86

The sulcus that separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe.

Front 87

Primary motor cortex

Back 87

The region of the posterior frontal lobe that contains neurons that control movements of skeletal muscles.

Front 88

Frontal lobe

Back 88

The anterior portion of the cerebral cortex, rostral to the parietal lobe and dorsal to the temporal lobe.

Front 89

Parietal lobe

Back 89

The region of the cerebral cortex caudal to the frontal lobe and dorsal to the temporal lobe.

Front 90

Temporal lobe

Back 90

The region of the cerebral cortex rostral to the occipital lobe and ventral to the parietal and frontal lobes.

Front 91

Occipital lobe

Back 91

caudal to parietal and temporal lobes.

Front 92

Sensory association cortex

Back 92

Regions of the cerebral cortex that receive info from the regions of primary sensory cortex.

Front 93

Motor association cortex

Back 93

The region of the frontal lobe rostral to the primary motor cortex; also known as the premotor cortex.

Front 94

Prefrontal cortex

Back 94

The region of the frontal lobe rostral to the motor association cortex.

Front 95

Corpus callosum

Back 95

A large bundle of axons that interconnects corresponding regions of the association cortex on each side of the brain.

Front 96

Neocortex

Back 96

The phylogenetically newwest cortex including the primary sensory cortex, motor cortex, association cortex.

Front 97

Limbic cortex

Back 97

Old cortex, located at the medial edge of the cerebral hemispheres, just above the corpus callosum.

Front 98

Limbic system

Back 98

Group of brain regions including anterior thalamus nuclei, amygdala, hippocampus, limbic cortex, and parts of the hypothalamus, as well as their interconnecting fiber bundles.

Front 99

Hippocampus

Back 99

A forebrain structure of the temporal lobe, part of limbic system; has hippocampus proper, dentate gyrus, and subiculum.

Front 100

Amygdala

Back 100

interior of the rostral temporal lobe, has set of nuclei, part of limbic system.

Front 101

Fornix

Back 101

Fiber bundle connects hippocampus with other parts, including mammillary bodies of hypothalamus; part of limbic.

Front 102

Mamillary bodies

Back 102

Protrusion of the bottom of brain at posterior end of hypothalamus, has some hypothalamic nuclei; part of the limbic system.

Front 103

Basal ganglia

Back 103

group of subcortical nuclei in telencephalon, caudate nucleus, the globus pallidus, and putamen. Importan part of motor system.

Front 104

Nucleus

Back 104

Indentifiable group of neurdal cell bodies in CNS.

Front 105

Diencephalon

Back 105

Region of forebrain surrounding third ventricle. Has thalamus, hypothalamus.

Front 106

Thalamus

Back 106

Largest part of diencephalon. Has hypothalamus. Has nuclei that project info to specific region of cerebral cortex and get info from it.

Front 107

Projection fiber

Back 107

Axon of a neuron in one region of the brain whose terminals form synapses with neurons in another region.

Front 108

Lateral geniculate nucleus

Back 108

Group of cell bodies within lateral g b of the thalamus that receives fibers from the retina and projects fibers to the visual cortex.

Front 109

Medial gen. nucleus

Back 109

In thalamus. Medial geniculate body. Receives fibers from auditory system and projects to auditody cortex.

Front 110

Ventrolateral nucleus

Back 110

Input from cerebellus to motor cortex.

Front 111

Hypothalamus

Back 111

Involved in regulation of autonomic nervous system, control of anterior and posterior pituitaries, integration of specie-typical behavior.

Front 112

Optic chiasm

Back 112

X-shaped connection between optic nerves, located below base of brain just anterior to pituitary.

Front 113

Anterior pituitary gland

Back 113

Endocrine gland whose secretions are controlled by the hypothalamic hormone.

Front 114

Neurosecretory cell

Back 114

Neuron that secretes a hormone or hormonelike substance.

Front 115

Posterior pituitary gland

Back 115

Endocrine cland that contains hormone-secreting terminal buttons of axons whose cell bodies lie within the hyupothalamus.

Front 116

Midbrain

Back 116

The mesencephalon; the central of the three major divisions of the brain.

Front 117

Mesencephalon

Back 117

the midbrain; a region that surrounds the cerebral aqueduct; has tectum and tegmentum.

Front 118

Tectum

Back 118

Dorsal part of midbrain; superior and inferior colliculi.

Front 119

Inferior Colliculi

Back 119

Potrusions on top of midbrain; part of auditory.

Front 120

Brain stem

Back 120

Stem of brain. Excludes cerebellum.

Front 121

Tegmentum

Back 121

Ventral part of the midbrain, includes the periaqueductal gray matter, reticular formation, red nucleus, and substantia nigra.

Front 122

Reticular formation

Back 122

Large network of neural tissue located in the central region of the brain stem; from medulla to diencephalon.

Front 123

Periaqueductal gray matter

Back 123

Region of midbrain surrounding the cerebral aqueduct; has neural circuits involved in species typical behavior.

Front 124

Red Nucleus

Back 124

Large nucleus of midbrain; gets input from cerebellum and motor cortex; sends axons to motor neurons in spinal cord

Front 125

Substantia Nigra

Back 125

Darkly stained region of the tegmentum that has neurans that talk with caudate nucleus and putamen in the basal ganglia.

Front 126

Hindbrain

Back 126

The most caudal of the three major divisions of the brain; includes the metencephalon and myuelencephalon.

Front 127

Cerebellum

Back 127

located dorsal to pons. has two hemispheres. covered with the cerebellar cortex. important part of motor system.

Front 128

Cerebellar Cortex

Back 128

Cortex that covers the surface of the cerebellum.

Front 129

Deep cerebellar nuclei

Back 129

Nuclei located within the cerebellar hemispheres; receive projections from the cerebella cortex and send projections out to other parts.

Front 130

Cerebellar Peduncle

Back 130

One of three bundles of axons that attach each cerebellar hemishere to dorsal pons.

Front 131

Pons

Back 131

Region of metencephalon rostral to medulla, caudal to midbrain, ventral to cerebellum.

Front 132

Medulla oblongata

Back 132

Caudal portion of brain. In myelencephalon. Immediately rostral to spinal cord.

Front 133

Spinal cord

Back 133

Cord of nervous tissue that extends from the medulla.

Front 134

Spinal root

Back 134

Bundle of axons surrounded by connective tissue that occur in pairs, which fuse and form a spinal nerve.

Front 135

Cauda Equina

Back 135

Bundle of spinal roots located caudal to the end of the spinal cord.

Front 136

Caudal block

Back 136

Anesthesia and paralysis of the lower part of the body produced by injection of a local anesthetic into the cerebrospinal fluid surrounding this part.

Front 137

Dorsal root

Back 137

Spinal root that has incoming afferent sensory fibers.

Front 138

Ventral root

Back 138

Spinal root that contains outgoing motor fibers (efferent)

Front 139

Spinal nerve

Back 139

Peripheral nerve attached to the spinal cord

Front 140

Afferent axon

Back 140

Axon directed toward the central nervous system conveying sensory information.

Front 141

Dorsal root ganglion

Back 141

A nodule on a dorsal root that contains cell bodies of afferent spinal nerve neurons.

Front 142

Efferent axon

Back 142

An axon directed away from the central nervous system, conveying motor commands to muscles and glands.

Front 143

Cranial nerve

Back 143

A peripheral nerve attached directly to the brain.

Front 144

Cranial Nerve

Back 144

A peripheral nerve attached directly to the brain.

Front 145

Vagus Nerve

Back 145

The largest of the cranial nerves, conveying efferent fibers of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system to organs of the thoracis and abdominal cavities.

Front 146

Olfactory bulb

Back 146

The protusion at the end of the olfactory nerve; receives input from the olfactory receptors.

Front 147

Somatic nervous system

Back 147

The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the moves of skeletal muscles or transmits somatosensory information to the CNS

Front 148

Autonomic Nervous System

Back 148

The portion of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's vegetative functions.

Front 149

Sympathetic division

Back 149

The portion of the autonomic nervous system that controls functions that accompany arousal and expenditure of energy.

Front 150

Sympathetic ganglia

Back 150

Nodules that contain synapses between preganglionic and postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system.

Front 151

Sympathetic ganglion chain

Back 151

One of a pair of groups of sympathetic ganglia that lie ventrolateral to the vertebral column.

Front 152

Preganglionic neuron

Back 152

The efferent neuron of the autonomic nervous system whose cell body is located in a cranial nerve nucleus or in the intermediate horn of the spinal gray matter and whose terminal buttons synapse upon postganglionic neurosn in the autonomic ganglia.

Front 153

Postganglionic neuron

Back 153

Neurons of the autonomic nervous system that form synapses directly with their target organ.

Front 154

Parasympathetic division

Back 154

The portion of the autonomic nervous system that controls functions that occur during a relaxed state.