Physio Endocrine Glands - Final Spring

Front 1

What's an endocrine gland?

Back 1

It's a ductless gland that dump hormones to the blood stream in small amounts.

Front 2

True or False: Paracrine hormones affect on different cells of other tissues.

Back 2

False. They affect different cells of same tissue.

Front 3

What's senescence?

Back 3

Growing old

Front 4

All tissues are bathed by blood containing hormones, except which ones?

Back 4

brain and placenta

Front 5

What's the main distinction b/w hormones and neurotransmitters?

Back 5

There are no sharp distinction and hormones can be release in response to nerve stimulation.

Front 6

What's immunoassay?

Back 6

Recognize a single hormone; specific of antibodies, sensitivity, or low variability; example: pregnancy test

Front 7

What makes cAMP?

Back 7

By the activation of adenylyl cyclase and product from ATP

Front 8

What catalyzes the conversion of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-diphosphate (PIP2) to IP3 and DAG?

Back 8

phospholipase C

Front 9

What does diacylglycerol (DAG) activates?

Back 9

protein kinase C

Front 10

What IP3 triggers to be release from ER?

Back 10

calcium

Front 11

Do steroids, thyroid hormones, retinoic acid, 1,25 diOHVitD3 have nuclear receptors or not?

Back 11

either one

Front 12

What is another name for adenohypohysis?

Back 12

anterior pituitary

Front 13

What is another name for neurohypohysis?

Back 13

posterior pituitary

Front 14

What are the 6 hormones produced in the anterior pituitary lobe?

Back 14

Growth hormone, Prolactin, Adrenocorticotropic, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone

Front 15

What somatotropin inhibits indirectly?

Back 15

growth hormone

Front 16

What are extrinsic factors for growth hormone?

Back 16

nutrition (*protein)

Front 17

What are hormonal factors for GH to function?

Back 17

IGF-I, thyroid hormone,androgens (male), estrogen, insulin and glucocorticoids

Front 18

GH ( increase or decrease) via IGF-I (insuline like growth factor) in the absence of insulin AND thyroid hormones AND in starvation

Back 18

decrease

Front 19

GH (increase or decrease) with small amount of estrogen

Back 19

increase

Front 20

GH (increase or decrease) with high amount of estrogen

Back 20

decrease

Front 21

GH (increase or decrease) with glucocorticoids

Back 21

decrease- supress hypothalamic GHRH and increases pituitary responsiveness to GHRH

Front 22

What are the 3 phases of growth?

Back 22

in utero, birth to onset of puberty, and puberty

Front 23

T or F: In utero GH affects growth of fetus.

Back 23

F b/c endocrine gland not involved

Front 24

What hormones are involved in growth in fetus?

Back 24

IGF1 and IGF2

Front 25

Where do IGF1 and IGF2 come from?

Back 25

placenta

Front 26

What 2 hormones are critical from birth to onset puberty?

Back 26

GH and thyroid hormone

Front 27

T or F: On the onset of puberty, there's a rapid growth.

Back 27

True

Front 28

T or F: there's rapid growth throughout puberty

Back 28

False b/c rapid growth then stops

Front 29

What's the primary hormones involoved during puberty in males and females?

Back 29

MALES: testosterone
FEMALES: estrogen and adrenal androgens

Front 30

What causes cessation (stop) of growth during puberty?

Back 30

estrogen mediated

Front 31

When is GH plasma levels very high?

Back 31

first days of life

Front 32

When does GH plasma levels decline in a newborn?

Back 32

2 weeks after of age

Front 33

When does IGF-I peaks back?

Back 33

13 to 17 years of age

Front 34

Why does linear growth stops?

Back 34

b/c closure of the epiphyses of the long bones

Front 35

Is GH plasma levels steady on a daily basis?

Back 35

no

Front 36

When does GH plasma levels increase on a daily basis?

Back 36

during exercise, eating,fasting, and onset of sleep

Front 37

When does GH plasma levels decrease on a daily basis?

Back 37

REM sleep

Front 38

What physiological effect GH have on proteins?

Back 38

increase protein synthesis and positive nitrogen balance

Front 39

What physiological effect GH have on fatty acids?

Back 39

increase fatty acids release from adipose cells (increases lipid levels in the blood) therefore more source of energy

Front 40

T or F: High GH plasma levels in a prolonged period of time has NO effect on the body

Back 40

False b/c it can lead to ketosis

Front 41

What physiological effect GH have on carbohydrates?

Back 41

decrease their use therefore
inhibits the following: glycolysis, and insulin release.
activates the following: glycogen storage and blood carbohydrates levels

Front 42

What does prolonged excess of GH can cause?

Back 42

"pituitary diabetes"

Front 43

Does IGF-I regulate the liver?

Back 43

No, liver is regulated by GH.

Front 44

What causes gigantism?

Back 44

prolong IGF-I

Front 45

After linear growth stops, excess IGF-I can cause?

Back 45

acromegaly

Front 46

Deficiency of IGF-I can cause ...

Back 46

dwarfism and Laron dwarfism (due to lack of GH receptors)

Front 47

What's the only hormone that comes from the intermediate lobe?

Back 47

melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)

Front 48

Where are Oxytocin and ADH produced?

Back 48

Oxytocin- paraventricular
ADH - supraoptic nuclei

Front 49

If MSH causes darkening of the skin, what does excess ACTH causes?

Back 49

darkening of the skin like in
Addison and Cushings syndromes

Front 50

What hormones are release from the posterior pituitary?

Back 50

Oxytocin and ADH/vasopressin

Front 51

T or F: Hormones that are release from the posterior pituitary arrive there via blood vessels.

Back 51

False. It's via axons (neurohypophyseal tract)

Front 52

What's the target of ADH?

Back 52

kidneys' collecting duct to reabsorb water

Front 53

What causes lack of ADH?

Back 53

diabetes insipidus (diluted/watery urine)

Front 54

Excessive ADH (increase or decreases) blodd pressure

Back 54

increases

Front 55

What causes excessive ADH release?

Back 55

surgical stress, morphine, nicotine, barbiturates (depressants)

Front 56

What decreases ADH levels?

Back 56

alcohol and opiate antagonists

Front 57

Is ADH diuretic or anti-diuretic?

Back 57

anti-diuretic

Front 58

What are the main functions of oxytocin?

Back 58

contraction of uterus and milk letdown effect

Front 59

What are contractile cells of the mammary glands?

Back 59

myoepithelial cells

Front 60

What causes hormone deficiency?

Back 60

Absence of hormone or receptor

Front 61

What are 4 classic protein hormone receptors?

Back 61

G protein coupled, tyrosine kinase, cytokine, TGF-beta

Front 62

What are 4 classic second messengers?

Back 62

cAMP, calcium, inositol triphosphate, and tyrosine kinase

Front 63

What does cAMP activates?

Back 63

Activates protein kinase A

Front 64

What calcium usually binds to?

Back 64

calmodulin and other calcium binding proteins

Front 65

What are the products after adding a phosphate to phosphatidylinositol 4,5-diphosphate (PIP2) by phopholipase C?

Back 65

IP3 and DAG (diacylglycerol)