Physio - Cardio

Front 1

Compliance equation?

Back 1

(change in V) / (change in P)

Front 2

Velocity equation?

Back 2

V = Q/A

or Q = VA

Front 3

Flow equation?

Back 3

Q = change in P/R

Front 4

pressure in verticle column?

Back 4

rho * g *h

Front 5

energy of fluid in motion?

Back 5

E = 1/2 pv^2

Front 6

Poiseuille's law

Back 6

Q = P(pi)r^4/8nL

the bigger the diameter the higher the flow

Front 7

Resistance based on poiseuille's law

Back 7

R = 8nL/(pi)r^4

Front 8

Effects on flow:

double viscosity =
double length =
double radius =

Back 8

double viscosity = 0.5Q
double length = 0.5Q
double radius = 16Q

Front 9

velocity relationship to area of a cylindrical tube?

Back 9

velocity is inversely proportional to the square of the radius

Front 10

flow through vessels in series must be ________ but each of those in parallel __________

Back 10

flow through vessels in series must be the same but each of those in parallel receives only a portion of the flow

Front 11

TPR = ?

Back 11

TPR = Paorta/CO

Front 12

parabolic distribution of velocity:

it is fastest ___________ and decreases to approximately zero ____________

Back 12

fastest in the center

decreases to approximately zero along the wall of the vessel

Front 13

Reynolds number?

Back 13

pDv/n

flow becomes turbulent > 3000
density = p
diameter = D
velocity = v
viscosity = n

Front 14

Non-pacemaker cells all feature a large resting membrane potential of ______ mV that results from ?

Back 14

Non-pacemaker cells all feature a large resting membrane potential of –90 mV that results from a relatively high resting permeability to K+ ions and a low permeability to Na+ ions

Front 15

the chief distinguishing characteristic of pacemaker cells' electrical activity is

Back 15

a slow membrane depolarization in diastole that culminates in the generation of an action potential

Front 16

Phases of the pacemaker potential?

Back 16

4 = diastolic slow rising = funny current
0 = rapid depol = Ca influx
3 = repolarization = increased increased gK + decreaed gCa

Front 17

Cardiac myocyes:
Phase 0

Back 17

increased gNa and decreased gK

Front 18

Cardiac myocyes:
Phase 1

Back 18

decreased gNa and increased gK

Front 19

Cardiac myocyes:
Phase 2

Back 19

increased gCa and increased gK

gCa = gK

Front 20

Cardiac myocyes:
Phase 3

Back 20

decreased gCa and high increase in gK

Front 21

cause of slow rising potential in pacemaker cells?

Back 21

-gK shuts off early
-Na channels activated by NEGATIVE charge open
-gNa initially makes the potential rise = FUNNY CURRENT
-voltage gated Ca channels open (phase 0)

Front 22

sympathetic effect on pacemaker cells

Back 22

increases the rate of turning off gK = more funny current = more gCa

Front 23

when heart rate is increased there is a shorter duration of action potential. how is this accomplished and what stimulates these changes?

Back 23

Elevated cytosolic Ca causes:
-accelerated inactivation of gCa
-earlier activation of gK

Front 24

Rule for repolarizing cells

Back 24

First started = last repolarized

Last started = first repolarized

(review depol/repol diagram)

Front 25

ECG axis:
AVL =
Lead 1 =
Lead 2 =
aVF =
lead 3 =
aVR =

Back 25

AVL = --30
Lead 1 = 0
Lead 2 = +60
aVF = +90
lead 3 = +120
aVR = --150

Front 26

Fick Principle

Back 26

CO = (O2 uptake)/[Arterial O2] - [venous O2]

Front 27

Starling law/curve

Back 27

increase in EDV (filling) increases SV

Front 28

Starling's law demonstrates that you can compensate for decreased forced capability by

Back 28

increasing EDV

Front 29

sympathetic activity shifts starling curve in which direction

Back 29

to the "left" aka at any EDV there will be a higher than usual SV

Front 30

normal ejection fraction?

Back 30

rest = 50-67%
exercise = up to 80%

Front 31

EF equation

Back 31

SV/EDV

Front 32

Epi/Norepi bind to B1 and increase cAMP which activates PKA. PKA phosphorylates? (4)

Back 32

1. voltage dependent L-type Ca channels
2. Phosphlamban
3. troponin I
4. titin and MyBP-C

Front 33

Phosphorylation of voltage dependent L-type Ca channels causes

Back 33

Increased gCa and plasma membrane which increases SR release of Ca

Front 34

Phosphorylation of phospholamban causes

Back 34

removal of it's restraint on SR reuptake pump which INCREASES SR reuptake and DECREASES duration of contraction

Front 35

Phosphorylation of troponin I causes

Back 35

reduced affinity of troponin C for Ca so inactivation can occur earlier

Front 36

Phosphorylation of titn and MyBP-C causes

Back 36

titn = increased filling

MyBP-C = faster crossbridge reactions

Front 37

Digitalis effect on Na/Ca pump?

Back 37

Inhibits the Na/K pump so Na can't leave the cell = decreases electrochemical gradient for Na and reduced Na/Ca exchanger activity

Front 38

Cause of Treppe?

Back 38

increased heart rate doesn't let you decreases cytoplasm concentration of Ca

Front 39

Law of Laplace

Back 39

T = Pr/2

The wall tension that the ventricle must develop to produce a given pressure is influenced by the radius and hence the EDV of the ventricle

Front 40

stress equation?

Back 40

stress = Pr/2h

h = wall thickness

Front 41

The thicker the wall the ________ wall stress you need to develop a pressure

Back 41

The thicker the wall the less wall stress you need to develop a pressure

Front 42

In conditions such as chronic hypertension or aortic stenosis (obstruction), the compensatory ventricular wall thickening (hypertrophy) __________.
In conditions of increasing ventricular radius, as might occur in systolic heart failure, the wall stress required to generate a given pressure __________

Back 42

In conditions such as chronic hypertension or aortic stenosis (obstruction), the compensatory ventricular wall thickening (hypertrophy) reduces the wall stress. In conditions of increasing ventricular radius, as might occur in systolic heart failure, the wall stress required to generate a given pressure increases

Front 43

MAP? normal value?

Back 43

DBP + 1/3(SBP - DBP)

~93

Front 44

MAP in terms of volume and compliance?

Back 44

MAP = V/C

Front 45

dichortic notch?

Back 45

represents aortic valve closing

Front 46

Physiological factors that influence arterial blood volume?

Back 46

-HR X SV = CO
-TPR

Front 47

Physical factors that influence Arterial blood pressure?

Back 47

Arterial blood volume and arterial compliance

Front 48

pulse pressure is predominately determined by?

Back 48

stroke volume and aortic compliance

Front 49

Factors influencing systolic pressure

Back 49

stroke volume
ejection velocity
aortic distensibility

Front 50

Factors influencing diastolic pressure

Back 50

Heart rate
Peripheral resistance

Front 51

Just as gravitational effects raise hydrostatic pressures below the heart, they cause pressures to decrease above the heart. As a result, veins in the neck and head have pressures ___________________

Back 51

below atmospheric pressure, and some collapse.

Front 52

KATP channels that are normally closed when ATP is bound. During hypoxia (decreased pO2)

Back 52

ATP levels fall, KATP channels open, K+ conductance increases, and the cell hyperpolarizes.

Front 53

Increased conductance of KATP channels has also been demonstrated to occur in response to

Back 53

reduced pH (increased [H+]), hypercapnia (increased pCO2) and interaction of adenosine with its cell surface receptors.

Front 54

small increases in extracellular K+ can also hyperpolarize vascular smooth muscle by ?

Back 54

causing a different K+ channel (KIR) to open.

Front 55

Although a moderate rise in extracellular K+ makes the equilibrium potential for K+ (EK) less negative, the membrane potential of vascular smooth muscle cells

Back 55

oscillates sufficiently above EK that an increase in K+ conductance hyperpolarizes the cell.

Front 56

__________ and ___________ that diffuses to underlying smooth muscle cells, also hyperpolarizes smooth muscle cells by directly activating ___________________

Back 56

Nitric oxide (NO), and endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) that diffuses to underlying smooth muscle cells, also hyperpolarizes smooth muscle cells by directly activating big conductance K+ channels (BKCa).

Front 57

sympathetic innervation of veins is greatest in __________ least in ____________

Back 57

sympathetic innervation of veins is greatest in cutaneous and splenic veins, least in deep limb veins

Front 58

Integrated baroreceptor firing rises or falls when _____________ increase or decrease, even if ____________ remains the same

Back 58

Integrated baroreceptor firing rises or falls when pulse pressures increase or decrease, even if mean arterial blood pressure remains the same

barroreceptors respond to pulse pressure

Front 59

Effect on MAP and CO:
increase in TPR?

Back 59

increases MAP
decreased CO

Front 60

Effect on MAP and CO:
decreased venous compliance

Back 60

increased MAP
increased CO

Front 61

Effect on MAP and CO:
increased contractility

Back 61

increased MAP
increased CO

Front 62

Effect on MAP and CO:
increased heart rate

Back 62

increased MAP
increased CO

Front 63

feed forward reflex?

Back 63

non-mylenated vagal fibers tell the NTS about the pressure in the heart so it can anticipate and adjust TPR

Front 64

*Significant* atrial distention stimulates atrial and veno-atrial junction stretch receptors, increases firing of sensory myelinated vagal afferents, and elicits a selective reflex that affects the heart by ____________

this is known as ________

Back 64

SOLEY increasing its rate.

Brainbridge response

Front 65

Renin is released when

Back 65

sympathetic stimulation and decreased perfusion of local kidney cells

Front 66

Effects of Angiotensin 2? (6)

Back 66

1. vasoconstriction
2. increases NE release
3. increases pressure response centrally
4. increases aldosterone secretion
5. increases thirst
6. increases ADH

Front 67

Effects of ANP? (5)

Back 67

1. decreases smooth muscle
2. decreases central pressor area firing
3. decreases pregang ACH release
4. decreases renin synthesis
5. decreases Na reabsorbtion

Front 68

distension of lymph smooth muscles causes?

Back 68

smooth muscle to contract and remove extra filtrate

Front 69

The flow to the ___ coronary artery always exceeds that to the _____.

Back 69

The flow to the left coronary artery always exceeds that to the right.

Front 70

Blood flow is greater to _____ matter than to _____ matter

Back 70

grey > white

Front 71

Cerebral circulation has _________ sympathetic input

Back 71

decreased

Front 72

the influence of parasympathetic vasodilator fibers is limited to

Back 72

meningeal blood flow

Front 73

Factors that lead to cerebral vasodilation

Back 73

anoxia
increased PCO2
increase in cerebral metabolism
decreased perfusion pressure

Front 74

primary chemical regulator of cerebral blood flow?

Back 74

CO2

Front 75

In regions called ________ (hands, feet, lips, nose and ears) connections between arterioles and venules, _____________ bypass capillaries and provide a pathway for warm blood to shunt into venous plexuses where ?

Back 75

In regions called “acral” skin (hands, feet, lips, nose and ears) connections between arterioles and venules, arteriovenous anastomoses (AVAs) bypass capillaries and provide a pathway for warm blood to shunt into venous plexuses where heat can be lost

Front 76

alpha 2 affinity is _________ as temp is _______

Back 76

alpha 2 affinity is increased as temp is decreased

cold = vasoconstriction

Front 77

Preload =?

Back 77

Ventricular EDP

Front 78

the diagnosis of primary diastolic dysfunction requires an _______ shift of the _______ segment of the pressure-volume loop. In contrast, systolic failure is associated with a _______ shifted, ________ loop, since it indicates failure of contractile function.

Back 78

the diagnosis of primary diastolic dysfunction requires an upward shift of the diastolic segment of the pressure-volume loop. In contrast, systolic failure is associated with a right shifted, narrower loop, since it indicates failure of contractile function.

Front 79

____________ begins shortly after ventricular excitation = the QRS complex on the ECG

Back 79

isovolumetric contraction begins shortly after ventricular excitation = the QRS complex on the ECG

Front 80

___________ occurs during the ST segment

Back 80

rapid ejection

Front 81

____________ occurs during the t wave

Back 81

reduced ejection

Front 82

First heart sound on ekg?

Second?

Back 82

1st = A/V valves closing = QRS = beginning of systole

2nd = Semilunar vales closing = end of T-wave = beginning of diastole