Physio Adrenal Gland And Calcium Homeostasis - Final Spring

Front 1

What type of hormones are produced in the outer adrenal cortex?

Back 1

steroid - cortisol, aldosterone, and weak androgens

Front 2

What type of hormones are produced in the inner adrenal medulla?

Back 2

catecholamine - epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine

Front 3

What's another name for the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex?

Back 3

outer; aldosterone

Front 4

What's another name for the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex?

Back 4

middle; cortisol

Front 5

What's another name for the zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex?

Back 5

inner; cortisol

Front 6

What's the most important mineralocorticoids?

Back 6

aldosterone

Front 7

What affects mineralocorticoids?

Back 7

the electrolyte concentration (Na, K, Cl) in extracellular fluids

Front 8

What's the main function of aldesterone?

Back 8

sodium reabsorption in distal tubule, collecting tubule, and last part of loop of Henle

Front 9

What gets reabsorbed/increased due to sodium reabsorption?

Back 9

increase of Cl reabsorption AND increase plasma bicarbonate ion concentration

Front 10

What gets excreated due to sodium reabsorption?

Back 10

hydrogen and potasium

Front 11

Aldosterone also promotes reabsorption of Na in the kidneys and other places such as ...

Back 11

sweat glands, salivary glands, and intestinal glands

Front 12

Decrease in Na absorption can cause (increase or decrease) in the extracellular fluid volume

Back 12

decrease

Front 13

Decrease in extracellular fluid volume can cause (increase or decrease) of cardiac output

Back 13

decrease and a shock-like state

Front 14

What's hypoaldosteronism?

Back 14

decrease in Na reabsorption

Front 15

Can hyperaldosteronism cause decrease in cardia output?

Back 15

No, it increases and can lead to hypertension.

Front 16

Hyperaldosteronism can lead to what condition?

Back 16

hypertension

Front 17

What can result in an increase in aldosterone secretion?

Back 17

decrease in sodium concentration OR decrease of extracellular fluid volume OR and increase in potasium concentration

Front 18

What can mediate/control secretion of aldosterone?

Back 18

renin-angiotensin system

Front 19

Where does renin get released from in direct response to the signals?

Back 19

kidneys

Front 20

What does renin cleaves and what's the product?

Back 20

cleaves angiotensinogen to make antiotensin I

Front 21

Where does antiotensin I converts to antiotensin II?

Back 21

in the lungs

Front 22

What enzyme helps convert angiotensin I to angiotensin II?

Back 22

angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)

Front 23

Angiotensin II acts on the mineralocorticoid producing cells to release what hormone?

Back 23

aldosterone

Front 24

An absence of cortisol (glucocorticoids) can result in what?

Back 24

impair the ability to withstand physical stress

Front 25

Glucocorticoids can cause (increase or decrease) in the rate of gluconeogenesis in the liver.

Back 25

increase

Front 26

What's the end result of glucocorticoids action?

Back 26

increase of blood glucose levels, suppressing the immune system AND aiding in fat, protein, and carbohydrate metabolism

Front 27

T or F: In all tissues including the the liver and gastrointestinal tract, glucocorticoids can cause a decreaase in protein anabolism.

Back 27

False b/c it excludes the liver and gastrointestinal tract.

Front 28

glucocorticoids (increase or decrease) protein catabolism

Back 28

increase

Front 29

What happens to the protein levels from the effect of glucocorticoids to the liver and gastrointestinal tract?

Back 29

increase protein content AND increases protein synthesis in the liver

Front 30

What are the effects of glucocorticoids to fatty acids?

Back 30

increase mobilization of fatty acids from adipose tissue AND increase fatty acid utilization as a source

Front 31

What's the pharmacological effects ofglucocorticoids?

Back 31

GCs are part of the feedback mechanism in the immune system that turns immune activity (inflammation) down.

Front 32

Glucocorticoids are distinguished from mineralocorticoids and sex steroids by what?

Back 32

their specific receptors, glucocorticoid receptor (GR), which is present in almost every vertebrate animal cell

Front 33

What hormone controls the secretion of glucocorticoids?

Back 33

Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)

Front 34

Where does Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) come from?

Back 34

hypothalamus

Front 35

Why does the hypothalamus secrete, Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)?

Back 35

in response to stress or low level of blood glucocorticoids

Front 36

T or F: Cortisol decreases bone formation

Back 36

True

Front 37

Is glucocorticoid a steroid hormone?

Back 37

Yes

Front 38

The secretion of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) by the hypothalamus triggers pituitary secretion of what hormone?

Back 38

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Front 39

ACTH is carried by the blood to the adrenal cortex, where it triggers the secretion of what hormone?

Back 39

glucocorticoid

Front 40

Cortisol is used to treat diseases such as _____________.

Back 40

Addison’s disease

Front 41

Glucocorticoids can inhibit the secretion of which 2 hormones?

Back 41

CRH and ACTH

Front 42

What transports glucocorticoids in the blood?

Back 42

corticoid binding globulin (CBG or transcortin)

Front 43

glucocorticoids plasma levels (increase or decrease) around the time the sleep cycle starts

Back 43

decrease

Front 44

glucocorticoids plasma levels (increase or decrease) shortly before waking

Back 44

increase

Front 45

glucocorticoids plasma levels (increase or decrease) during the day

Back 45

decrease

Front 46

Addison Disease causes (hyperadrenalism or hypoadrenalis)

Back 46

hypoadrenalism - destruction of the adrenal cortex

Front 47

Cushings Disease causes (hypoadrenalism or hyperadrenalism)

Back 47

hyperadrenalism

Front 48

What leads to skin darkening in Addison Disease?

Back 48

The lost of feedback control of ACTH so very high levels of ACTH

Front 49

Hyperglucocorticoidism elevates blood glucose can eventually cause the development of what type of diabetes?

Back 49

diabetes mellitus b/c of the "burning out" of the insulin producing cells of the pancreas

Front 50

Extrahepatic breakdown of protein due to hyperglucocorticoidism results in ________.

Back 50

muscle and bone weakness

Front 51

In Cushings Disease, why there's a slight puffiness of the skin?

Back 51

b/c increase retention of sodium

Front 52

Due to the increase of sodium retention in Cushings Disease there's (increase or decrease) of cardiac output.

Back 52

increase

Front 53

Overall increase in steroid production is an increase production of what hormone?

Back 53

androgens

Front 54

what causes an increase of androgens in males and females?

Back 54

masculinization in females or prepubertal in males

Front 55

What controls secretion of catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine)?

Back 55

preganglionic fibers of the sympathetic system

Front 56

Does tyrosine forms epinephrine or norepinephrine?

Back 56

both

Front 57

norepinephrine acts through what type of receptors preferentially?

Back 57

alpha receptors

Front 58

nepinephrine acts through what type of receptors preferentially?

Back 58

beta receptors

Front 59

norepinephrine and epinephrine general effect is?

Back 59

increase the metabolic rate

Front 60

Does epinephrine or norepinephrine decreases plasma potassium levels?

Back 60

No, increases.

Front 61

Which hormones relgulat plasma calcium?

Back 61

parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, and 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol

Front 62

Where does calcitonin come from?

Back 62

thyroid gland

Front 63

What is the product of hydroxylation of Vitamin D3?

Back 63

1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol

Front 64

What's the percentage of plasma calcium levels?

Back 64

9 to 11 mg%

Front 65

What percentage of calcium is ionized (active form)?

Back 65

50%

Front 66

What percentage of calcium is bound to serum proteins?

Back 66

40%

Front 67

What percentage of calcium is unionized (inactive form)?

Back 67

10%

Front 68

Decrease in plasma calcium to 7 mg% causes increase in what?

Back 68

nervous excitability causing tetany

Front 69

Increase in plasma calcium to 12 mg% causes increase in what?

Back 69

depress nervous activity...becomes sluggish

Front 70

What's the major repository for calcium?

Back 70

bone - 99%

Front 71

Is bone a static tissue?

Back 71

No

Front 72

What percentage of bone calcium turns over a year in infants?

Back 72

100%

Front 73

What percentage of bone calcium turns over a year in adults?

Back 73

18%

Front 74

What percentage of bone is made of organic matrix?

Back 74

25%

Front 75

What percentage of bone is made of calcium salts and hydroxyapatite?

Back 75

75%

Front 76

What gives calcium salts and hydroxyapatite to bone?

Back 76

compressional strength

Front 77

What gives organic matrix to bone?

Back 77

tensile strength

Front 78

What composes 97% of the organic matrix in bone?

Back 78

collagen

Front 79

What composes 3% of the organic matrix in bone?

Back 79

ground substance

Front 80

What other ions are absorbed to bone?

Back 80

lead AND strontium

Front 81

What builts bone by secreting collagen?

Back 81

osteoblast

Front 82

What's associated with bone resorption?

Back 82

osteoclast

Front 83

What forms osteocytes?

Back 83

osteoblast

Front 84

What are the receptors of osteoblast?

Back 84

PTH and 1,25 diOHVitD3

Front 85

What does osteoblast release to stimulate production of osteoclast precursors?

Back 85

monocyte colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF)

Front 86

Osteoclast are derived from what cells?

Back 86

hematopoietic stem cells via

Front 87

What's the result of inhibiting of the RANK/RANKL pathway?

Back 87

inhibits osteoclast formation, differentiation, activation, and bone resorption.

Front 88

What inhibits the differentiation of osteoclast?

Back 88

osteoprotegerin (OPG)

Front 89

What cell produces osteoprotegerin (OPG)?

Back 89

osteoblast

Front 90

What's required for osteoclast formation?

Back 90

requires the presence of RANK ligand (receptor activator of nuclear factor κβ) and M-CSF (Macrophage colony-stimulating factor)

Front 91

What's the product of 7- dehydrocholesterol (in the skin) in response to sunlight?

Back 91

Vitamin D3

Front 92

Where is Vitamin D3 converted to 25-hydroxycholecalciferol?

Back 92

liver

Front 93

Which one is an active form 25-hydroxycholecalciferol OR hormone 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol?

Back 93

1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol

Front 94

Where and what enzyme actives hormone 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol?

Back 94

In the kidney by 1 alpha-hydroxylase

Front 95

What hormone induces the activation of 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol in the kidneys?

Back 95

parathyroid hormone

Front 96

What are the 3 main functions of 1,25- Dihydroxycholecalciferol?

Back 96

increase in intestinal calcium binding protein;
facilitates Ca reabsorption in the kidney;increases the active transport of Ca out of the osteoblasts in bone

Front 97

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) (increases OR decreases) Plasma Calcium

Back 97

increases reabsorption of Ca in the distal tubules of the kidney

Front 98

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) (increases OR decreases) Plasma Phosphate

Back 98

decreases the reabsorption of phosphate in the proximal tubules of the kidney

Front 99

What acts on bone osteoclasts to increase bone resorption and mobilization of Ca?

Back 99

PTH, parathyroid hormone

Front 100

A fall in Ca causes an (increase OR decrease) in PTH

Back 100

increase

Front 101

An increase in Ca causes a (increase OR decrease) in PTH

Back 101

decrease

Front 102

True or False: PTH acts to prevent long term
changes in plasma Ca

Back 102

True

Front 103

The C cells of the thyroid makes what hormone?

Back 103

calcitonin

Front 104

Calcitonin (increase OR decrease) blood Ca levels and phosphate levels

Back 104

decrease

Front 105

What inhibits bone resorption (decreases osteoclast activity)?

Back 105

calcitonin

Front 106

True or False: Decreasing Ca increases calcitonin release

Back 106

False b/c
increasing Ca increases calcitonin release

Front 107

Hypoparathyroidism (increase OR decrease) bone resorption due to decreased osteoclast activity

Back 107

decrease

Front 108

Hypoparathyroidism (increase OR decrease) Ca reabsorption in kidney

Back 108

decrease

Front 109

Hypoparathyroidism (increase OR decrease) 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol

Back 109

decrease

Front 110

In Hypoparathyroidism Ca levels (increase OR decrease)

Back 110

decrease

Front 111

In Hypoarathyroidism bone remains (strong OR fragile)

Back 111

strong

Front 112

If Hypoparathyroidism is untreated tetany can develop and death due to ___________.

Back 112

tetany of laryngeal muscles causing asphyxiation

Front 113

How is hypoparathyroidism treated?

Back 113

By giving large amounts of vitamin D3 since PTH has a short half-life

Front 114

True or False: PTH has a short half-life.

Back 114

True

Front 115

Hyperparathyroidism (increases OR decreases) osteoclast activity

Increased plasma Ca – Even in the absence of noticeable bone loss can
detect by increased chance of kidney stone formation (due to increased Ca and PO4 levels).

Back 115

increases

Front 116

Hyperparathyroidism (increases OR decreases) plasma Ca?

Back 116

increases

Front 117

Hyperparathyroidism (increases OR decreases) chance of kidney stone formation.

Back 117

increases

Front 118

Increased Ca and PO4 levels due to Hyperparathyroidism can cause _____________.

Back 118

stone formation in the kidneys

Front 119

What can develop due to inadequate 1,25- dihydroxycholecalciferol?

Back 119

Rickets

Front 120

What can develop due to increased bone resorption due to PTH compensating for lost uptake?

Back 120

Osteomalacia

Front 121

What's Osteomalacia?

Back 121

It's the softening of the bones due to defective bone mineralization secondary to inadequate amounts of available phosphorus and calcium.

Front 122

What's Rickets?

Back 122

It is a softening of bones in children due to deficiency or impaired metabolism of vitamin D, phosphorus or calcium.

Front 123

Glucocorticoids (increase OR decrease) plasma Ca

Back 123

decrease

Front 124

Glucocorticoids (increase OR decrease) bone formation by inhibiting protein synthesis

Back 124

decrease

Front 125

Glucocorticoids (increase OR decrease) absorption of Ca in the intestine

Back 125

decrease

Front 126

Glucocorticoids (increase OR decrease) renal excretion of Ca

Back 126

increase

Front 127

GH via which hormone stimulates protein synthesis in bone?

Back 127

IGF-I

Front 128

What hormones may cause hypercalcemia?

Back 128

Thyroid hormones

Front 129

What hormone can prevent osteoporesis?

Back 129

estrogen

Front 130

Can insulin increases bone formation?

Back 130

Yes